Multiplexing and Data Rate Essay Example

Multiplexing and Data Rate Essay Multiplexing CHAPTER 4 Outline * Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM) * Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing * Statistical Time Division Multiplexing * Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL) Multiplexing * Set of strategies that permits the concurrent transmission of various signs over a solitary connection * permits a few transmission sources to share a bigger transmission limit Link = physical way Channel = segment of a connection that conveys a transmission between a given sets of lines 2 CATEGORY OF MULTIPLEXING WDM FDM TDM ADSL Frequency Division Multiplexing * FDM †various signs are consolidated for ransmission on a solitary interchanges line or channel. Each sign is appointed an alternate recurrence (subchannel) inside the fundamental channel. * Useful data transfer capacity of medium surpasses required transmission capacity of channel * e. g. communicate radio and satellite TV * Channel distributed regardless of whether no information Frequency Division Multiplexing Diagram * Each sign is regulated to an alternate transporter recurrence * Carrier frequencies isolated by watch groups (unused data transfer capacity) †to forestall obstruction so flags don't cover. 3 FDM System FDM is a simple multiplexing procedure that consolidates signals. FDM process FDM Demultiplexing Example 1 Assume that a voice channel possesses a data transmission of 4 KHz. We have to join three voice channels into a connection with a transfer speed of 12 KHz, from 20 to 32 KHz. Show the arrangement utilizing the recurrence area without the utilization of gatekeeper groups. Arrangement Shift (regulate) every one of the three voice channels to an alternate transmission capacity, as appeared in next figure Example 2 Five channels, each with a 100-KHz transfer speed, are to be multiplexed together. What is the base transfer speed of the connection if there is a requirement for a gatekeeper band of 10 KHz between the channels to forestall obstruction? Arrangement We will compose a custom exposition test on Multiplexing and Data Rate explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Multiplexing and Data Rate explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Multiplexing and Data Rate explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer For five channels, we need in any event four gatekeeper groups. This implies the necessary transfer speed is at any rate 5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz, as appeared in next Figure. Model 3 Four information stations (computerized), each transmitting at 1 Mbps, utilize a satellite station of 1 MHz. Plan a fitting design utilizing FDM Solution The satellite station is simple. We isolate it into four channels, each channel having a 250-KHz data transfer capacity. Each computerized channel of 1 Mbps is adjusted with the end goal that every 4 bits are regulated to 1 Hz. One arrangement is 16-QAM tweak. Figure 6. 8 gives one potential arrangement. Simple Carrier Systems ATT (USA) * Hierarchy of FDM plans * Group 1. 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz 2. Range 60kHz to 108kHz * Supergroup 1. 60 channel 2. FDM of 5 gathering signals on bearers somewhere in the range of 420kHz and 612 kHz * Mastergroup 1. 10 supergroups Analog Hierarchy To expand the proficiency foundation, multiplexed signals f rom lower data transfer capacity lines onto higher-transmission capacity signals FDM of Three Voiceband Signals FDM Applications 1. Regular utilized radio telecom AM and FM * AM (530 †1700KHz) †imparted to every radio broadcast * FM utilizes a more extensive band (88 †108MHz) †each station needs more data transmission, 200KHz 2. TV Broadcasting * Each TV channel has own data transfer capacity of 6 Mhz 3. first Generation of Cellular phones * Voice signal 3KHz (300 †3300Hz) channels * Bt = 10 x Bm , in this manner each channel has 30KHz channels * every client has been designated two 30KHz channel, accordingly 60KHz. Model 4 The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) utilizes two groups. The main band, 824 to 849 MHz, is utilized for sending; and 869 to 894 MHz is utilized for accepting. Every client has a transmission capacity of 30 KHz toward every path. The 3-KHz voice is adjusted utilizing FM, making 30 KHz of tweaked signal. What number of individuals can utilize their ellular telephones at the same time? Arrangement Each band is 25 MHz. On the off chance that we separate 25 MHz into 30 KHz, we get 833. 33. Actually, the band is isolated into 832 channels. Frequency Division Multiplexing * Multiple light emissions at various recurrence * Carried by optical fiber * A type of FDM (same idea) * Each shade of light (frequency) conveys separate information channel * 1997 Bell Labs * 100 pillars * Each at 10 Gbps * Giving 1 terabit for each second (Tbps) * Commercial frameworks of 160 channels of 10 Gbps now accessible * Lab frameworks (Alcatel) 256 channels at 39. 8 Gbps each * 10. 1 Tbps * Over 100km WDM Operation Same general design as other FDM * Number of sources producing laser pillars at various frequencies * Multiplexer merges hotspots for transmission over single fiber * Optical intensifiers enhance all frequencies * Typically many km separated * Demux isolates channels at the goal * Mostly 1550nm frequency go * Was 200MHz per channel * Now 50GHz Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing * DWDM * No official or standard definition * Implies more channels all the more firmly dispersed that WDM * 200GHz or less TDM computerized process that permits a few associations with share the high transfer speed of a connection ach association involves a segment of time in the connection TDM is an advanced multiplexing method to consolidate information. TDM : Time Slots and Frames In a TDM, the information pace of the connection is n times quicker, and the unit term is n times shorter. Time Division Multiplexing Example 5 Four 1-Kbps associations are multiplexed together. A unit is 1 piece. Find : (1) the term of 1 piece before multiplexing, (2) the transmission pace of the connection, (3) the span of a time allotment, and (4) the length of a casing? Arrangement We can respond to the inquiries as follows: 1. The length of 1 piece is 1/1 Kbps, or 0. 001 s (1 ms). 2. The pace of the connection is 4 Kbps. 3. The span of each schedule opening 1/4 ms or 250 ms. 4. The span of an edge 1 ms. Interleaving †¢ switches are synchronized and turn at a similar speed yet inverse bearing †¢process of sending a unit information onto the way when the association on the multiplexing and de-multiplexing is open Example 6 Four channels are multiplexed utilizing TDM. In the event that each channel sends 100 bytes/s and we multiplex 1 byte for each channel, show the edge going on the connection, the size of the casing, the length of a casing, the edge rate, and the bit rate for the connection. Arrangement The multiplexer is appeared in Figure 6 Model 7 A multiplexer joins four 100-Kbps channels utilizing a schedule opening of 2 bits. Show the yield with four subjective data sources. What is the casing rate? What is the casing length? What is the bit rate? What is the bit span? Arrangement Figure 7 shows the yield for four subjective information sources. Simultaneous Time Division Multiplexing * Possible when information pace of medium surpasses information pace of computerized sign to be transmitted * Multiple advanced signs interleaved of each sign in time during transmission * Interleaving can be at bit level of squares * Time spaces preassigned to sources and fixed Time openings apportioned regardless of whether no information * Time openings don't need to be equitably appropriated among sources Synchronous TDM System TDM Link Control * No headers and trailers * Data connect control conventions not required * Flow control * Data pace of multiplexed line is fixed * If one channel collector can not get information, the * o thers must carry on * The relating source must be extinguished * This leaves void openings * Error control Errors are recognized and taken care of by singular channel frameworks Data Link Control on TDM Framing †¢Time space length = transmitter cushion length †¢Each outline contains a pattern of schedule opening Framing bits follow an example to guarantee approaching stream synchronized with demux to isolate time allotments precisely * No banner or SYNC characters organizing TDM edges to deal with the general TDM interface * Must give synchronizing instrument * Added digit confining * One control bit added to each TDM outline * Looks like another channel â€Å"control channel† * Identifiable piece design utilized on control channel * e. g. exchanging bit design 01010101†¦unlikely to be supported on an information channel * Can analyze approaching piece designs on each * channel with sync design * If design not coordinate, progressive piece position re search un til persevere over various edge * When build up, recipient keep checking the confining piece channel * If the example break, the beneficiary should again enter a surrounding search mode Example 8 We have four sources, each making 250 characters for every second. In the event that the interleaved unit is a character and 1 synchronizing bit is added to each edge, discover (1) the information pace of each source, (2) the length of each character in each source, (3) the edge rate, (4) the span of each casing, (5) the quantity of bits in each casing, and (6) the information pace of the connection. Arrangement Answer as follows: 1. The information pace of each source is 250 x 8 = 2000 bps = 2 Kbps. 2. The span of a character is 1/250 s = 4 ms. 3. The connection needs to send 250 casings for every second. 4. The length of each edge is 1/250 = 4 ms. 5. Each casing is 4 x 8 + 1 = 33 bits. 6. The information pace of the connection is 250 x 33 = 8250 bps. Model 9 Two channels, one with a piece pace of 100 Kbps and another with a piece pace of 200 Kbps, are to be multiplexed. How this can be accomplished? What is the casing rate? What is the edge length? What is the bit pace of the connection? Arrangement We can allot one opening to the principal channel and two spaces to the subsequent channel. Each casing conveys 3 bits. The casing rate is 100,000 edges for each second since it conveys 1 piece from the principal channel. The casing term is 1/100,000 = 10 ms. The bit rate is 100,000 edges/s x 3 bits/outline = 300 Kbps. Heartbeat Stuffing * Problem Synchronizing different information sources * Each source has separate clock, variety among clock cause misfortune

How social or economic issues in this country influence the roles Essay

How social or monetary issues in this nation impact the jobs ladies and men play in the family today - Essay Example furthermore, supported by the women's activist development, the quantity of ladies in the workforce has heightened since the 1970’s, a social marvel that has reclassified the jobs of the two guardians. Progressively, moms are contributing more to the family funds while fathers are investing a greater amount of their energy thinking about the children. Despite the fact that some criticize this inescapable and essential situation since they dread the breaking down of the conventional nuclear family is inconvenient for kids, the proof shows that the inverse is valid. For most by far of moms, going to work each day while leaving their youngsters with proxy mothers is obviously not a matter of decision as some have proposed. Of the ladies who work in two-parent homes, in excess of 80 percent have life partners who get $30,000 every year or less. A mother’s decision much of the time is to either permit their youngsters to live in miserable destitution or to go to work. In spite of the fact that among the minority, some working moms have decided to proceed with their vocation interests following labor yet in either case, the working environment is only occasionally helpful for the family worries of moms, or fathers so far as that is concerned. Only from time to time do businesses permit a mother to take a year or two off to think about little youngsters without yielding position or work status and are commonly vexed when mother is frequently summoned to go to issues concerning a kid. The decisions are hard for moms. The unsympathetic mentaliti es towards working moms among certain groups of general society and most managers are not useful nor lined up with the real world (â€Å"Working Mothers†, 1999). Today, in excess of a fourth of every single American child live in homes containing one parent, ordinarily the mother, who must work to help the family. Some accept that the mark ‘good mother’ suggests one that obediently fills her cultural job by staying home with the kids. This conviction depends exclusively on biased and obsolete generalizations and not on common logical information which shows that

Article summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Article outline - Essay Example Results recommended that smoking during pregnancy has unfriendly effect on the fetal development and is likewise connected with low financial pointers and other hazard practices. The examination drew a correlation between the birth results of overwhelming smokers and non-overwhelming smokers and found that the previous were presented to generously more wellbeing dangers than the last mentioned. Each factor other than the more seasoned maternal age was seen as a hazard factor for smoking during pregnancy. Self-reports of smoking in any event 10 cigarettes every day during the beginning time of pregnancy can prompt various horrible birth results. In any case, there is subjectivity about the degree to which the unfriendly birth results can be credited to overwhelming smoking alone as different variables like financial status and mental pressure likewise add to them. The exploration underpins the systems for stopping smoking, yet a more extensive center is required to examine the hidden elements that cause unfriendly birth

10 Income Strategies To Reduce Your Cost Of College

HomeFinanceFinancial aid10 Income Strategies To Reduce Your Cost Of CollegeThis page may contain affiliate links.Oct 13, 2019 Reducing your Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) is a viable strategy in trying to reduce your EFC and maximize how much financial aid colleges will offer your child. Its important to understand that your income is assessed against you anywhere from 5 to 9 times more than your assets. Colleges don’t want you reading this info because it’ll help you â€Å"game the system.† Perish the thought! Plus, most aid will be determined more by what you earn than by what you own. Remember the base year of income on which financial aid is calculated is the calendar year two years prior to the academic year for which the student is applying for aid. Thats why its so important to become informed about financial aid years before your child is a junior or senior in high school. Strategies to Reduce What You Pay Out-of-Pocket for College 1. The Two-Income FamilyThe lower wage earner can deduct up to 35% of salary or up to a maximum deduction of $4,000. It’s earned as an â€Å"employment allowance.† This allows you to reduce your EFC (Expected Family Contribution), which is what the colleges expect you to pay. NOTE: Do not confuse the term â€Å"Contribution† with the word â€Å"Donation.† Get it? I thought so. 2. Student Income-The student will lose in financial aid 50 cents on every dollar earned over $6,000. Despite its anti-work ethic, if the aid formula works for you, quit work after earning $6,000. If you dont qualify for need- based aid, encourage your student to make as much money as possible in order for you to pay less out of pocket. In other words, make your student pay for his/her expenses while in college. Average savings per child will exceed $10,000. 3. Private CollegeTrick Most private schools that require the CSS Profile will assume an incoming freshman will make at least $2,000 during the summer. When the â€Å"award† letter comes, a certain income amount will either be hidden in your EFC number, or fully stated. This is the equivalent of a little annoying surcharge that pops up on a bill and can be dropped if you protest it, that is, write a matter-of-fact, non-complaining, appeal letter to indicate this expectation, or the actual dollar amount was never listed on the school’s website, thereby suggesting an intentionally hidden fee. Even if they do list the amount, ask them to justify how they arrived at their figure. Brace yourself: you will either witness a carved-in-stone masterpiece of obfuscation, or the equivalent of distinct mumbling sounds you cannot possibly understand. Call them on it, but always be positive when communicating with the financial aid office, even when your suspicions are dead-on. 4. State + Local Tax Refunds To reduce your taxable income, see if you can get refunds postponed until after graduation so you can reduce your taxable income now. Hint: if you collected a refund of, say, $1,600 each year over a four-year period, you may have lost as much as $3,000 in grants. Consult your tax person before you get excited. 5. Tax Credits Most parents qualify for them. They are the Hope Scholarship Credit (up to $1,500) and The Lifetime Learning Credit (up to $2,000). You could lose some financial aid in these cases, but the gain will surely offset any loss. For each year your child is in college, get IRS Form 8863. Then there’s the American Opportunity Tax Credit, a tax credit of up to $2,500 of the cost of tuition, fees and course materials paid during the taxable year. Also, 40% of the credit (up to $1,000) is refundable. This means you can get it even if you owe no tax. CAUTION: it’s only good for four years when there’s an 80% chance your child will spend five and even six years to get an undergrad degree. Ouch!†¨ 6, Borrowing from a 401(k) or 403(b) With fairly low interest rates and repayment terms that are quite doable, this is tax-free â€Å"income.† Call your plan administrator for guidance, but remember, your retirement is far more important that your child’s college education. You can borrow for education, but not for retirement. 7. Medical Expenses Contact lenses, braces, cab to the doctor’s office all fit into those medical expenses that are considered in the federal aid formulas. Keep excellent records of out-of-pocket costs.The self-employed should wave their health insurance premiums like a red flag in front of a financial aid director – it’s a legitimate factor as to how much more aid you can receive. 8. Recently Unemployed or Disabled Colleges are likely to help you with more aid if you’re out of work. They’ll likely want proof, such as a termination notice or doctor’s statement. You should contact them immediately. Ask the school to exercise what is known as â€Å"Professional Judgment.† It’ll signal that you know how to play the college game, and they’ll likely respond in your favor. 9. Retirement Contributions What’s already in your retirement account doesn’t count against you, but the money you’re contributing during the college years does. You may consider deferring any contributions to your retirement if you think you’ll need the money to pay for a high EFC. 10. Alimony/Divorce If your ex is behind in payments, get out the party hats and refreshments and celebrate. It could mean a lower EFC and more financial aid. Or, in a divorce settlement, the custodial parent should consider getting less income and more assets. Why? The child is likely to receive more financial aid. Side benefit = child gets to witness two mature adults place the focus where it belongs on the child’s needs, not on the parents’ competing concerns. In short, everybody wins. This scenario is as likely as winning the lottery.†¨

What Makes Stainless Steel Stainless

In 1913, English metallurgist Harry Brearley, working on a project to improve rifle barrels, accidentally discovered that adding chromium to low carbon steel gives it stain resistant. In addition to iron, carbon, and chromium, modern stainless steel may also contain other elements, such as nickel, niobium, molybdenum, and titanium. Nickel, molybdenum, niobium, and chromium enhance the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. It is the addition of a minimum of 12% chromium to the steel that makes it resist rust, or stain less than other types of steel. The chromium in the steel combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to form a thin, invisible layer of chrome-containing oxide, called the passive film. The sizes of chromium atoms and their oxides are similar, so they pack neatly together on the surface of the metal, forming a stable layer only a few atoms thick. If the metal is cut or scratched and the passive film is disrupted, more oxide will quickly form and recover the exposed surface, protecting it from oxidative corrosion. Iron, on the other hand, rusts quickly because atomic iron is much smaller than its oxide, so the oxide forms a loose rather than tightly-packed layer and flakes away. The passive film requires oxygen to self-repair, so stainless steels have poor corrosion resistance in low-oxygen and poor circulation environments. In seawater, chlorides from the salt will attack and destroy the passive film more quickly than it can be repaired in a low oxygen environment. Types of Stainless Steel The three main types of stainless steels are austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic. These three types of steels are identified by their microstructure or predominant crystal phase. Austenitic: Austenitic steels have austenite as their primary phase (face-centered cubic crystal). These are alloys containing chromium and nickel (sometimes manganese and nitrogen), structured around the Type 302 composition of iron, 18% chromium, and 8% nickel. Austenitic steels are not hardenable by heat treatment. The most familiar stainless steel is probably Type 304, sometimes called T304 or simply 304. Type 304 surgical stainless steel is austenitic steel containing 18-20% chromium and 8-10% nickel.Ferritic:  Ferritic steels have ferrite (body-centered cubic crystal) as their main phase. These steels contain iron and chromium, based on the Type 430 composition of 17% chromium. Ferritic steel is less ductile than austenitic steel and is not hardenable by heat treatment.Martensitic:  The characteristic orthorhombic martensite microstructure was first observed by German microscopist Adolf Martens around 1890. Martensitic steels are low carbon steels built around the Type 410 composition of iron, 12% chromium, and 0.12% carbon. They may be tempered and hardened. Martensite gives steel great hardness, but it also reduces its toughness and makes it brittle, so few steels are fully hardened. There are also other grades of stainless steels, such as precipitation-hardened, duplex, and cast stainless steels. Stainless steel can be produced in a variety of finishes and textures and can be tinted over a broad spectrum of colors. Passivation There is some dispute over whether the corrosion resistance of stainless steel can be enhanced by the process of passivation. Essentially, passivation is the removal of free iron from the surface of the steel. This is performed by immersing the steel in an oxidant, such  as nitric acid  or  citric acid solution. Since the top layer of iron is removed, passivation diminishes surface discoloration. While passivation does not affect the thickness or effectiveness of the passive layer, it is useful in producing a clean surface for further treatment, such as plating or painting. On the other hand, if the oxidant is incompletely removed from the steel, as sometimes happens in pieces with tight joints or corners, then crevice corrosion may result. Most research indicates that diminishing surface particle corrosion does not reduce susceptibility to pitting corrosion.​​

Event Critiques Example

Essays on Event Critiques Article Unit Reflection on Concerts Concert The first concert I attended was â€Å"The Four Season CulturalSeries† which was held at the Heritage Park, City of Sunny Isles Beach, 19200 Sunny Isles Beach, FL 33160. The Florida International University Jazz Big Band. The concert took place on Sunday the 14th of April 2013 (Four Seasons Cultural Series 2013). The Florida University Jazz Big Band was led by Director and lead trumpet player Jim Hacker.The concert was set in the Pelican Community Park Gymnasium, a relatively large hall, which allowed for the guests to move freely and dance while enjoying the sensual flow of modern day jazz mixed with a tinge of old school jazz.The crowd and guests that came to be entertained was mainly the old and middle aged individuals. This is owing to the fact that jazz genre is not very popular with the young and is associated with individuals of a higher class calibre who are considerably well off. The crowd had a mixed response to the music. A sectio n of the crowd preferred to simply remain sited and enjoy the music, while others danced to the tunes. However, the majority of those who danced were mainly couples.There were many compositions that were performed during the concert. They all varied in tempo and covered almost all the genres and sub genres of Jazz. The following compositions were particularly interesting.â€Å"Undercurrent Blues† by Chico O’Ferril. This is an Afro-Cuban Jazz piece that entails a fast, quick ad bright tempo that ranged between 109 to 110 BPM. This makes this piece an Allegro and was from the mid-1940s. Little Brown Jug by Glenn Miller is a Big band Swing Jazz Ballad. It is of relatively slow tempo, at 74 BPM. This makes it an Andante. This piece was from the early 1910s.The concert was a huge success as it encompassed jazz from the different periods that shaped the development and growth of Jazz Music. The gradual switch from fast paced jazz pieces to a slow paced mood created from an e xciting start to a sensual ending for the concert.Works Cited2013. Four Seasons Cultural Series. October 13. Accessed May 14, 2014. http://www.sunnyislesbeachmiami.com/events/four-seasons-cultural-series/.

Applied Counseling Stability of Happiness

Question: Discuss about the Applied Counseling for Stability of Happiness. Answer: Introduction: As stated by Parkes et al. (2105), Bereavement caused on the occasion of a spouse death has been regarded as one of the most significant and stressful events of life. Grief is linked with feelings of sadness. Prolonged grief if exist for more than six months, might result in the psychological phenomenon which includes the searching for the deceased, preoccupation, yearning, disbelief about the loss, hallucination, survivor guilt, and bitterness. Emotions are often astonishing in their strengths, and these emotions often can be confusing especially in situations when a close person is being missed. The act of grieve varies from person to person. Some people recover from grief within few months, though this period of recovery might involve moments of sadness. Others may take a long time to get relief which might be temporary. During this period of stress and depression family support plays a vital role. When such grief related feelings and thoughts are extreme or distressing, it become s important to concern with qualified "mental health professionals" who could provide the remedies to get relief. Certain counseling intervention strategies have shown to produce positive results. Communication, assessment of the problem and clinical therapies could be a successful way of bringing about the change in the behavior and emotional status of the deceased's spouse (Parkes Prigerson, 2013). Discussion: Spousal mourning is a problem that commonly affects the women since women are generally younger than their husband, and they have more longevity. Moreover, their marriage rate is also lower than that of the widowers. As stated by Carr et al. (2014), a window experiences the feeling of loneliness, loss of camaraderie, need of physical attachment, comfort and also the support of a partner. In the case of dependent women, loss of her spouse might result in a decrease in financial income and also a scarcity of various requirements. In order to meet the needs, she might have to relocate to a different place which might lead to a relocation trauma. The most significant issue is that after a particular duration the family support fades out, relatives and friends instead of consoling the person observe the widowhood as a component of a stigma. Thus, without minimal support, it becomes hard to grow the children. Studies reveal that grieve is more prolonged in old age spouse due to the living together for a long time (Carr et al., 2014). According to Parkes et al. (2015), a complementary factor other than social and psychological distress, bereavement constitutes chronic physical health deterioration and also causes survival risk. A study constituted on windows under the age of sixty-five revealed that during the first year of their widowhood consulted health physicians very frequently. Moreover, it was also noticed that they have more number of sedatives than the expected number of use, and they were observed more in bed and hospitals than non-widowed females (Schulz et al., 2015). According to Schulz et al. (2015), the various phases of grief involve shock and numbness leading to yearning, weeping due to depression. The third phase involves attaining equilibrium to help life to achieve comfort. The fourth phase or the final stage involves identity reconstruction where an individual develops a new role in life or crystallization of fresh relationships. Identification of these phases is very important in order to undergo the diagnosis process (Schulz et al., 2015). As stated by Svenaeus (2014), aged people who suffer due to the loss of their spouse after living throughout the life with happiness, chronic and fatal illness of the spouse was reported to have poor post bereavement medical adjustment. The grief is suppressed or delayed. As discussed by Asai et al. (2013), family members are a great support this point of time, especially when the family is close-knit. Outside support is not required. However, when families split, that support remains empty. In this case, the grief is suppressed and indicates a poor prognosis. Certain factors that operate to delay the grief are: (a) the loss might be socially stigmatized. (b) If there remains an uncertainty in the death like missing soldiers. (c) A grieving person whether it is a widow or widower becomes concern about their health or concerned about growing the children well. (d) Multiple losses might have made the grieving difficult. (e) Trivial factors such as overcrowded cemetery might inhibit gri ef (Yu et al., 2015). Several types of research using "DSM III" termed the diagnosis as "Uncomplicated Bereavement." All the current researches reveal that there are comparable differences that exist between the normal and abnormal reactions. As stated by Dayringer (2013),there are few proposed diagnoses for Complicated Bereavement disorder in the DSM V. There were four criterions that involve the abnormality in the client. The first criteria was yearning, the second criteria involved the experience of any four of the eight symptoms such as anger, trouble to accept the truth, excessive bitterness, inability to trust others, feeling uneasy to live life, feeling numbness due to emotions, feeling emptiness, feeling agitated and feeling future is meaningless (Svenaeus, 2014). According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, bereavement diagnosis is associated with the death of a close person. This is the main key to the diagnosis, but other factors need to be given importance as well. According to Cameron Green (2015), Bereavement is the only diagnosis that might lead to the delay of the Major Depression Disorder. There are symptoms associated with this particular state which is characterized by feeling of loneliness, sadness, loss of interest in various activities, change in the weight, appetite and significantly insomnia. If the individual experience symptoms of guilt, preoccupation, feeling of worthlessness, suicidal thoughts, psychomotor retardation, hallucination, etc. then these relate to Major Depression Episode as contrasting to bereavement (DSM-5 American Psychiatric Association. 2013). According to Gillies et al. (2014), in assessing such a condition, more informal and less structured approach is generally used. Researchers and scientists have outlined different models on the phases of grief and bereavement. The first model was developed by Kubler-Ross which was used to illustrate the process of grief after the death of near ones. The developers of this model noted that every individual experience at least any two of the five stages of grief. Some people might revisit the phases over and over again. A stage-based model known as The Four Tasks of Mourning was created by psychologist J.W.Worden for coping with the death of a close person. The four task involved in this model were to accept the truth, to work through the grief, to adjust to life without the presence of the deceased and lastly, to maintain a connection with the person lost throughout the life (Wade et al., 2016). Margaret Stroebe and Hank Schut developed a dual process model of bereavement. They noted two tasks were associated with the loss. Firstly, "Loss-oriented activities and stressors which are related directly to the death and secondly, Restoration-oriented activities and stressors relates to the secondary losses such as routine, lifestyle and relationships (Klass et al., 2014). As discussed by Holland et al. (2013), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual do not define bereavement as a disorder rather a preexisting condition like depression, or repercussions linked with the trauma of a death of a closed one. These components can complicate the condition of bereavement. As discussed by Litz et al. (2014), the difference between grief and depression is that depression is characterized in general terms of despair or lack of joy, while the feeling of grief is related to the loss or death. Presently several instruments have been designed used to evaluate bereavement. But no instrument has been developed yet to constantly monitor the phases of bereavement and the symptoms associated with it. The choice of instruments varies depending upon the population. It is specific for every population such as the death of children, parents, spouses, and other loved ones (Cameron Green, 2015). According to Litz et al. (2014), the majority of the individuals are apparent as experiencing normal grief. It is very natural for a person to be depressed and it requires a short or long period to get adjusted or overcome the situation of grief. Certain researchers are recently focusing on the adaptive functioning so that they can understand the process how to protect individuals who are continuously experiencing maladaptive functioning has grown an interest in resilience and how the affected individuals function normally after a negative experience in life. According to psychology Resilience can be defined as the sense of recovery despite an encounter with the adverse situation in the life. Coping strategies differ completely from resilience since resilience relates to adaptation to certain adversities (Klass et al., 2014). Anusic Lucas (2014), Reconstruction model on the fact that bereaved individuals are faced with the task of reconstructing their understanding of how the world works and their personal identity without the presence of the loved one. As discussed by Gerson (2013),there are three core dimensions to the process of meaning reconstruction. The first dimension is sense-making, or the ability to find an explanation for the death and make sense of the occurrence. This is predominantly important untimely in the grieving course, although it is a continuing procedure for the majority individuals. The second aspect is benefited finding, where individuals can identify benefits to the bereavement in order to aid in their adjustment, whether the benefits are personal, spiritual, or philosophical. The last dimension is individuality reconstruction, which needs the bereaved individual to modify and adjust their intellect of personality after experiencing the loss of a near one (Klass et al., 2014). Maximum research on "adaptation to widowhood" in later years has focused on a female since women inclined to live longer than their spouses. According to Tomer et al. (2013), both men and women who are widowed in later life account inferior life satisfaction and well-being than those who stay married, and widowhood is a risk factor for fading, while being wedded is not. Most result research with bereaved older persons has utilized formless group interventions, often led by friends or paraprofessionals, with achievement reported in dropping depression and mounting thoughts of support. For example, in a study, it was discussed a nationalized program to assist recently widowed individuals that use skilled paraprofessional counselors for outreach and hold. Follow-up questionnaires finished by sixty two participants who attempted bimonthly talk groups exposed that most consideration that the crowd experience was positive (Anusic et al., 2014). Aging is a part of the life span rather than being apart from the life span. All persons who age experience common life transitions and developmental challenges, notably the search for ego integrity identified by (Armenta et al., 2014). The design of interventions to help older persons cope with these normative changes has focused on two primary and overlapping strategies: group counseling and life review therapy. Research on both options reveals almost universal support for their effectiveness in helping older persons to develop successful coping mechanisms for a variety of life problems and also to achieve life satisfaction despite the unwanted change. After completing their education and formal training, psychiatrists may not be fully prepared to handle some of the most common clinical challenges they will face in practice. Diagnosing and treating complicated grief and bereavement-related major depression will undoubtedly rank high on the list of such challenges. Both conditions o verlap with symptoms found in ordinary, uncomplicated grief, and often are written off as normal with the assumption that time, the strength of character and the natural support system will heal. This prolonged, complicated grief response tends to be chronic and persistent in the absence of targeted interventions, and may be life threatening. Complicated grief usually responds well to a specific psychotherapy, perhaps best when administered in combination with antidepressant medication (Armenta et al., 2014). Conclusion: Grief is linked with feelings of sadness. Prolonged grief if exist for more than six months, might result in the psychological phenomenon which includes the searching for the deceased, preoccupation, yearning, disbelief about the loss, hallucination, survivor guilt, and bitterness. During this period of stress and depression family support plays a vital role. When such grief related feelings and thoughts are extreme or distressing, it becomes important to concern with qualified "mental health professionals" who could provide the remedies to get relief. Certain counseling intervention strategies have shown to produce positive results. It is essential for them to recognize their own vulnerabilities to the personal assaults that often accompany such losses, not only for their own mental health and well-being, but also to provide the most sensitive and enlightened care to their patients. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual do not define bereavement as a disorder rather a preexisting co ndition like depression, or repercussions linked with the trauma of a death of a closed one. Resilience can be defined as the sense of recovery despite an encounter with the adverse situation in the life. "Reconstruction model on the fact that "bereaved individuals are faced with the task of reconstructing their understanding of how the world works and their personal identity without the presence of the loved one. Most result research with bereaved older persons has utilized the formless group interventions, often led by friends or paraprofessionals, with achievement reported in dropping depression and mounting thoughts of support. Thus, it can be concluded that although mourning over the death of ones spouse or grieve can have detrimental effects on physical and mental health, so needs to be counseled and treated. References: Anusic, I., Lucas, R. E. (2014). Do social relationships buffer the effects of widowhood? A prospective study of adaptation to the loss of a spouse.Journal of personality,82(5), 367-378. Anusic, I., Yap, S. C., Lucas, R. E. (2014). Does personality moderate reaction and adaptation to major life events? Analysis of life satisfaction and affect in an Australian national sample.Journal of research in personality,51, 69-77. Armenta, C., Jacobs Bao, K., Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M. (2014). Is Lasting Change Possible? Lessons from the Hedonic adaptation Prevention Model.Stability of Happiness. Theories and Evidence on Whether Happiness Can Change, Elsevier Academic Press, London, Waltham, San Diego, 57-74. Asai, M., Akizuki, N., Fujimori, M., Shimizu, K., Ogawa, A., Matsui, Y., ... Kinoshita, T. (2013). Impaired mental health among the bereaved spouses of cancer patients.Psycho Oncology,22(5), 995-1001. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Carr, D., Sonnega, J., Nesse, R. M., House, J. S. (2014). Do Special Occasions Trigger Psychological Distress Among Older Bereaved Spouses? An Empirical Assessment of Clinical Wisdom.The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,69(1), 113-122. Dayringer, R. L. (2013).The Heart of Pastoral Counseling: Healing Through Relationship. Routledge. DSM-5 American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. Gerson, B. (2013).The therapist as a person: Life crises, life choices, life experiences, and their effects on treatment(Vol. 6). Routledge. Gillies, J., Neimeyer, R. A., Milman, E. (2014). The meaning of loss codebook: Construction of a system for analyzing meanings made in bereavement.Death studies,38(4), 207-216. Holland, J. M., Futterman, A., Thompson, L. W., Moran, C., Gallagher-Thompson, D. (2013). Difficulties accepting the loss of a spouse: A precursor for intensified grieving among widowed older adults.Death studies,37(2), 126-144. Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., Nickman, S. (2014).Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Taylor Francis. Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., Nickman, S. (2014).Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Taylor Francis. Litz, B. T., Schorr, Y., Delaney, E., Au, T., Papa, A., Fox, A. B., ... Prigerson, H. G. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of an internet-based therapist-assisted indicated preventive intervention for prolonged grief disorder.Behaviour research and therapy,61, 23-34. Parkes, C. M., Prigerson, H. G. (2013).Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life. Routledge. Parkes, C. M., Laungani, P., Young, W. (Eds.). (2015).Death and bereavement across cultures. Routledge. Parkes, C. M., Laungani, P., Young, W. (Eds.). (2015).Death and bereavement across cultures. Routledge. Schulz, R., Boerner, K., Klinger, J., Rosen, J. (2015). Preparedness for death and adjustmReferences:ent to bereavement among caregivers of recently placed nursing home residents.Journal of palliative medicine,18(2), 127-133. Svenaeus, F. (2014). Diagnosing mental disorders and saving the normal: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing: Washington, DC. 991 pp., ISBN: 978-0890425558. Price: $122.70 (Review Article).Medicine, health care and philosophy,17(2), 241-244. Tomer, A., Eliason, G. T., Wong, P. T. (Eds.). (2013).Existential and spiritual issues in death attitudes. Psychology Press. Wade, J. B., Hart, R. P., Wade, J. H., Bekenstein, J., Ham, C., Bajaj, J. S. (2016). Does the death of a spouse increase subjective well-being: An assessment in a population of adults with neurological illness.Healthy Aging Research,5(2). Yu, N. X., Chan, C. L., Zhang, J., Stewart, S. M. (2015). Resilience and vulnerability: prolonged grief in the bereaved spouses of marital partners who died of AIDS.AIDS care, 1-4.

Review Article free essay sample

I as most teens spend a lot of time online listening to music. During my time I came across a song called â€Å"Kids† by Current Joys, at the momentI was very confused what could this song be about. That was until I listened to it and figured it out. â€Å"Oh, Im just a kid I never use my brain I only use my heart And my imagination.† In the opening verse, it tells you about being a kid. Carefree, creative and all in all enjoying life. As you continue listening to the song you start to hear the person dealing with the hardships of giving up your childhood. â€Å"Oh Im no longer a kid And everything has changed Theres nothing in my heart And lightning in my brain.† Our childhood is now gone leaving us wondering who and what are we? Everything is different nothing is like it was. We will write a custom essay sample on Review Article or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What do I do now? Current Joys aka Nick Rattigan is expressing how hard giving up your childhood is no one wants the leave the carefree attitude, childlike ideas, and seeing the good in everyone.

The Economy of Oil Gas in UAE

The Economy of Oil Gas in UAE UAE is one of the largest producers of oil and natural gas. According to Taib, in 2009, UAE was the 8th largest producer of oil in the world. In the same year, UAE had the 4th largest reserves of natural gas (Taib). Around forty years ago, UAE was among the poorest countries in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Economy of Oil Gas in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, after the discovery of oil, UAE’s economy was transformed within a short period. At the moment, it is one of the richest countries in the world. According to the Complete Resident’s Guide, â€Å"UAE is the second richest Arab country, after Qatar, on a per capital basis† (4). The guide also reiterates that UAE has an annual GDP growth rate of around 10%. However, due to fluctuations in oil and gas prices and the realization that an economy based on oil and gas might not be sustainable, UAE has diversified its economy. Therefore, other economic sectors play a huge role in UAE’s economy at the moment. This essay provides an insight into the effects of oil and gas on UAE’s economy. UAE has large onshore and offshore reserves of oil and natural gas. According to Shihab, UAE growth has been dependent on oil and gas since its formation in early 1970s. In 2009, UAE boosted nearly 7.3 % of world’s total oil reserves and was ranked 8th in the production of crude oil (Taib). At the same time, it was estimated that UAE had 1.6% of the world’s proven natural gas reserves. For that reason, it is believed that oil and gas will continue to be the backbone of UAE’s economy for a long period of time. Most of the oil and natural gas reserves are in Dubai and Abu Dhabi (Shihab). These two emirates have, therefore, made UAE an important player in the world’s oil industry. . â€Å"Economic development can be perceived as change in the structure of an economy† (Shihab 4). Likewise, oil and gas have greatly transformed the structure of UAE’s economy. Before 1970, UAE’s economy was slowly driven by agriculture. Moreover, in the late1950s and early 1960s, UAE was an underdeveloped country. â€Å"Its inhabitants were nomads, pearl divers and fishermen† (Shihab). Interestingly, the ruler’s fort was the only significant building in Abu Dhabi city. Moreover, roads and other basic infrastructures were missing. However, after 1970, oil and gas propelled the economy in a rate only seen in a few countries worldwide. Abu Dhabi is now a world class city and UAE income levels match those of developed countries. This transformation has been brought about by forty years of a flourishing oil industry. Furthermore, UAE skipped the hypothetic development stages that most countries go through before attaining the status of developed countries (Shihab).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we c an help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is believed UAE’s enormous oil and natural gas reserves enabled it skip these stages. Before the year 2000, UAE’s development strategy was inclined towards resource-based industries (Shihab). For instance, after the discovery of oil in Dubai, its infrastructure was developed solely from oil revenues. Therefore, UAE embraced an industrial strategy that strictly depended on the utilization of natural resources (Shihab). UAE utilizes the latest technology to increase efficiency and productivity in its oil and gas industry. According to Shihab, it has the capacity to produce two million barrels a day. This is the maximum production that can be sustained in one day. However, if the current rate of production is maintained, UAE’s oil reserves will only last for just over a hundred years (Shihab). Reliance on oil and gas has also impacted negatively on UAE’s economy and that of other co untries in the Gulf region. A study by Arouri, Lahiani and Bellalah showed that stock markets within the Gulf region reacted strongly to fluctuating prices in the oil industry. This study also concluded that the economic slump witnessed in UAE between2008 and 2009 had a relationship with fluctuating oil prices. Nonetheless, oil is not the only source of revenue for UAE. In 2004, oil only accounted for thirty two percent of the total GDP (Complete Resident’s Guide 6). For that reason, other economic sectors such as trade, manufacturing, housing and tourism played an important role in UAE’s economy. In addition, some emirates, within the federation, are not content with their oil and gas success (Mandel). For instance, Abu Dhabi has embarked on a mission to diversify its economy. In doing so, Abu Dhabi hopes that oil proceeds will only account for less than half of its GDP after 2015 (Mandel). It can be concluded that oil and gas are important elements of the UAE’ s economy. Huge reserves of oil and natural gas propelled UAE from a least developed country to a developed country in no time. However, some emirates, within UAE, such as Abu Dhabi have realized that an economy based on oil and gas is not sustainable. For instance, it is predicted that wells in UAE might dry up in a hundred years time (Shihab). For that reason, UAE economy is currently being diversified. Accordingly, other economic sectors such as housing, trade and tourism are being developed. Arouri, Mohamed, Lahiani Amine and Bellalah Makram. â€Å"Oil Price Shocks and Stock Market Returns in Oil-Exporting Countries: The Case of GCC Countries.† International Journal of Economics and Finance 2.5 (2010). Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Economy of Oil Gas in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mandel, Jen. â€Å"Emirate Channeling Oil Wealth into Bid for Green Economy.† New York Times on the Web 19 April. 2010. Shihab, Mohamed n.d., Economic Development in the UAE. PDF file. Web. Taib, Mowafa 2009, The Mineral Industry of the United Arab Emirates. PDF file. Web. The Complete Resident’s Guide: Dubai. Dubai: Explorer Publishing Distribution LLC, 2006. Print.

The Negative Side of Use from CIBC Bank on Social Media Research Paper

The Negative Side of Use from CIBC Bank on Social Media - Research Paper Example    Apparently, the continuously changing business environment and customer needs for a more convenient banking system have altogether motivated CIBC to inculcate social media as a key innovation in its customer services network. Use of Social Media by CBIC In its recent endeavors, CIBC has been rendering a varied range of banking services to its customers using social media in multiple linguistic forms, such as conveying its messages both in English and in French to the Twitter accounts. This, in turn, helped the organization in eradicating the barriers of cultural conflicts or segregation in delivering equal care to its customers in a global context. It is worth mentioning in this context that with the rapid changes taking place in the technology sector worldwide, the need for carrying the business through the social media has become very important for CBIC in achieving its goal of international competency. Subsequently, CIBC uses the most preferred social media in the worldwide c ontext, such as Facebook and Twitter, with the intention to advertise its new offers directly communicating with the targeted customers and also with the aim to deliver online services more effectively and in an informed manner (CIBC Mellon, 2013). In precise, CIBC opted for the inclusion of social media in its customer service network, with an intention to learn about the varied needs of the customers and also to attract a new range of customers towards its technology aided services. Strategically, the main aim of using the social media by CIBC is to preserve its efficiency in customer relationship management with the aid of direct-to-customer approach. The effectiveness of using social media by CBIC A critical examination of the organizational performance reveals that the social media was much effective for CBIC in the initial stages of its implementation. The strategy helped CBIC to attract a new range of customers and stay connected with the customers in the global platform, irr espective of the persisting cultural differences. However, after some years, there was a major problem observed in its usage, which indicated towards the inefficiency of the organization in continuously updating and managing its developmental strategies (Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, n.d). To be illustrated as a case example, the bank had engaged many Twitter and Facebook accounts with the purpose of delivering different services to its wide-ranging customer groups. However, owing to the managerial limitations of the bank, an involvement of many Twitter and Facebook accounts created confusion among the customers in availing the services of the bank as information sources became vibrant and multiple. Additionally, customers were also facing the huge problem in the searching the appropriate social media page on its website for availing the intended banking service owing to the deficiency of the bank to manage the technology resources efficiently. In order to mitigate such obstac les in customer service deliverance, the bank adopted the policy of greeting its online customers through Wikipedia.  Ã‚  

Training Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Training Plan - Assignment Example The document acts as a guideline that describes license, permit and registration granted to a merchandise store. Given that Sport Check is a leading retailer of sports products, the content of the information in the document outlines the details of the project. Therefore, employees should be guided by the business start up Alberta Guide. The document offers steps involved in establishing a business in the merchandise store. Also, it assists employees in navigating through the state programs and services stipulated in sporting products. Getting an overview of the industry is also part of the knowledge of the merchandise store that employees must be conversant with in sporting stores. The overview outlines the types of operation involved in sporting stores such as Sport Check. New employees can learn the nature of the operation of the stores, franchise, location and design of Sport Check in Canada. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(Canada Business Network, n.d. ) The employees must have adequate knowledge about the prices of products available in the merchandise stores. The shop has diverse products such as converse chuck Taylor, Speedo Graduated Compression, Nike Remora Swim Goggle that are sold at $64.99, $15.99 and $7.99 respectively. These products are among the few products that exist in the

The Visions And Intensions Of Karl Marx Essay Example for Free

The Visions And Intensions Of Karl Marx Essay From the content of the Manifesto of the Communist Party, it is seen that Marx and Engels are not talking of any freedom but freedom from exploitation, freedom from class oppression, and freedom from class conflicts. In this sense, society cannot be considered free until it replaced capitalist exploitation with the free collaboration of all members of society. Freedom as deliverance of the worker from capitalist exploitation, is only one, though the most important aspect of his freedom. It cannot be restricted by negative characteristics, as in â€Å"freedom from something†. Freedom makes sense only when man is free not due to negative forces, to deliver him from something or the other, but due to positive forces, to show his real individuality (Hart, 1982). For Marx, freedoms like freedom of religion and the freedom to own property are hollow freedoms. In the manifesto, Marx wrote, â€Å"But dont wrangle with us so long as you apply, to our intended abolition of bourgeois property, the standard of your bourgeois notions of freedom, culture, law, etc. Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of the conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of your class made into a law for all, a will, whose essential character and direction are determined by the economical conditions of existence of your class.† Thus, only in a classless society would a human individual truly gain freedom. Karl Marx and Maximilian Weber are two of the founders of Modern Sociology. Marx and Weber were influential figures during their time, as both were active and visible in German politics. Their words hold a power in them that denotes authority and conviction thus becoming an inspiration or a threat to those who hear and read, yet were also widely criticized and disputed. These two however, as many people believe, share opposing views in many issues, particularly with regards to the controversial debate of capitalism and socialism. Yet they also share commonalities.Karl Marx is popularly known for his works that gave rise to the concept of communism. Marx is in fact trained in the field of philosophy but eventually veered towards economics and politics. Hence for many scholars then and now, he was more of a revolutionary communist than a philosopher. For Marx nevertheless, â€Å"the philosophers have only interpreted the world, the point is to change it,† this he wrote in his Theses on Feuerbach (Wolff, 2003). His most popular work was the Communist Manifesto (1848), which he co-authored with his lifelong friend, Friedrich Engels. Yet according to many academicians, even if the Manifesto is the most famous of Marx’ works, it is not the best material to use to analyze his sentiments and belief. In fact many deem the Economic and Political Manuscripts of 1844 as the heart of Marx’s analysis particularly in relation to economics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prior to communism, what paved the way to the development of communistic ideas was the theory of Historical Materialism. This is Marx’s version of history, where forms of societies experience a constant rise and fall because that society had grown to inhibit human productive power. During his time, capitalism was the dominant society, thus, capitalism impedes human productivity. What follows the decrease in productivity is a revolution or epoch change because the former society can no longer serve the needs of man. Marx believes that the historical process or the progression or human societies undergoes a series of changes in the mode of production but will eventually culminate to communism; communism will replace capitalism giving rise to a â€Å"society in which each person should contribute according to their ability and receive such according to their need† (Wolff 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marx’s postulates, though some were regarded as unempirical, were nonetheless necessary, as he was able to discuss economics using â€Å"material bases† rather than relying on philosophical abstractions and dialectics (Kemerling, 2002). Most importantly, his works were viewed as the inspiration for the victory of the Bolsheviks several decades later in the October Revolution. His most notable and recognized ideas is that the Proletariats, Bolsheviks for the Russians, are not given their fair share during the production of commodities, thus there is no harmonious relationship between the capitalist profit earner and the working man and neither will there be an equilibrium in the capitalist market (Weber, 2006). Karl Marx believes that revolution is inevitable. Nations will aspire for a society that fosters equality and progress for everyone and not just the ruling class. This emerges from an uprising from the proletariat as they continue to feel antagonism from the bourgeoisie. Modern day societies, according to Marx, are basically divided into two major classes: the bourgeoisie, or the capitalist, ruling class, and the proletariat, or the working class. With this class distinction, material wealth of a nation is totally controlled by the capitalists, while the working class only depends on salary as they work for the continued wealthy existence of the bourgeoisie. Marx believes that ultimately, the working class will notice the inequalities in their society and will wish to bring about major changes that can only be possible through revolutionary means. (Kemerling). Marx acknowledges the differing ideas on socialism and communism, but eventually concludes that it is through revolution that true communist ideals can be met. Believers in socialist and communist systems assert that antagonism persists as industrial development continues. Since the economic condition does not provide for the emancipation of the proletariat, â€Å"they therefore search after a new social science, after new social laws, that are to create these conditions† (Marx 110). Central to Marx’ concept is class distinction, which has been present throughout the course of history. The modern capitalistic society is itself a product of the feudal society, but has brought about new forms of oppression. Capitalism evolved from feudal concepts and continues to evolve in order to sustain itself – incessantly changing the means of production and exchange. The bourgeoisie has made itself the center of every society in the world as it compelled all nations to follow its model of society – a society that has enormously increased urban population so as to take them away from the simple rural life (Marx 64-64). It has also promoted a mode of production, which it presents to be based on freedom, i.e., free trade and globalization. In the process, the bourgeoisie has given power and wealth to only a few people, that is, the ruling class. On the other hand, the proletariat becomes mere commodities as capitalists continue to look for cheaper labor, and the workers, since they are selling themselves for labor and are competing with other workers for daily sustenance, turn out with lower wages in the end. In the long run, labor becomes more burdensome to the workers even as the wages go down. The economic situation of the working class, as they will eventually discover, is due primarily to the system of production, the system that the capitalists themselves have developed for their own welfare. Marx also notes that even the small shopowners, tradespeople, and handicraftsmen, unable to compete on equal footing against the larger capitalist groups, become part of the proletariat, although they are more conservative, considering only their future interests (70-71). The working class is the revolutionary class that is bound to face the bourgeoisie, starting with small groups until it forms into a national group that will take power from bourgeoisie to centralize all instruments of production. Communists envision a classless society and promote the common interests of the proletariat, and support the overthrow of the capitalists so that the working class will gain power. Marx believes that the communists are the most advanced of all sectors of the working class, as they work towards the abolition of private property, which has been the basis for antagonism of the working class (80-81). Marx predicts that the capitalist society will eventually evolve, leading to its demise as the proletarians resist the system and fight for the emancipation of the working class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   REFERENCES Hart, M. (1982) The Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, Galahad Books, New York City. Kemerling, G. (2002, August 7). Karl Marx. Retrieved Jan. 25, 2007 at:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/marx/htm Marx, K. and   Engels, F.   The Communist Manifesto. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc., 1964. Weber, M. (2006, July 30). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved Jan. 25, 2007 at: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   index.php?title=Max_Weberoldid=66750368 Wolff, J. (2003, August 26). Karl Marx. Retrieved Jan. 25, 2007 at:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/

Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka - Does Gregor Ever recieve justice? :: English Literature

Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka - Does Gregor Ever recieve justice? In the short story â€Å"Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka, the protagonist of the story, Gregor Samsa, goes through a strange transition where he is transformed from a human being into an insect. Throughout the story Gregor’s physical appearance changes but it is apparent that his life as an insect is not that different from his life as a human being. To the reader it seems as though justice is served when Gregor, who has been transformed into an insect by some unexplainable force, can no longer work. Therefore his family, who have been living off him are forced to go get jobs. This would be considered justice if it weren’t for the fact that Gregor is living his life as an insect therefore the idea of justice seems to be undefinable. â€Å"Metamorphosis† is the story of a man named Gregor Samsa who awakes one morning from â€Å"unsettling dreams† and realizes that he has been transformed into a â€Å"monstrous vermin.† Gregor is a traveling salesman who works ridiculous hours every day while his family sits at home enjoying the luxuries which come from the money that he earns. Gregor spends his time â€Å"traveling day in, day out.† He awakes every morning at four o’clock and has â€Å"not once been ill during his five-year employment,† therefore it is quite rare that when the story begins he is late for work. It is so rare that the head clerk of the company where he works appears at his house wondering why he is not out of bed yet and why he is late for work. Finally with the â€Å"aid of his chair† Gregor is able to open the door. It is a complete shock to everyone to see Gregor in the state that he is in. The head clerk is ready to leave and it appears that Gregor has lost his job for good. Gregor’s job loss is not only detrimental to him but also to his family because he is their only source of income. Seeing as how Gregor is unable to get another job, his family is forced to get jobs of their own. Roles are now reversed because now Gregor’s family is forced to take care of him. Gregor’s life as a human was unjust because he was forced to financially support his family and wake up at four o’clock every morning to go to work as a traveling business man.

Learned Helplessness Essay

Firmin, Hwang, Copella and Clark’s research study focuses on testing the strength of the student against his or her â€Å"learned helplessness.† This phenomenon includes the following: Contingency, which addresses the uncontrollability or stability of the situation, and Cognition refers to the various attributes that individuals display in reaction to their environment. Having prior research studies regarding learned helplessness in motherhood (Kashdan et al. 2000) and boys with ADHD (Milich and Okazaki 1991), Firmin et al. were able to assemble an exam comprised of â€Å"easy† and â€Å"difficult† questions to be administered in the form of an exam to college students. The goal of the study assesses the students’ degree of frustration during test failure and how frustration triggers learned helplessness within the constraints of an exam. To what extent does a failure experience in the early part of a test influence or elicit helplessness within a student? Methodology Participants included students from two psychology classes from a private Midwestern university. The majority of participants are Caucasian and between the ages of 17 and 20. Each individual was administered an exam ensuring anonymity among scores and responses. A research edition of the Shiley Cognitive Scales was utilized in this experiment with a total of 88 questions in three sections: Vocabulary, Abstraction, and Block Patterns. The vocabulary portion included 50 words in which the participant was asked to identify a synonym to an original word. The Abstraction section included 24 self-generated responses that completed the appropriate sequence of words, numbers or letters. The final part of the exam, Block Patterns, asked students to choose the most appropriate pattern to fit the rest. Students were split into two groups: one group with higher SAT/ACT scores than the other. The questions asked in the exam were rated as â€Å"easy† or â€Å"difficult† by determining the success rate of each question (questions that were most often answered correctly in both groups were considered â€Å"easy†). Two tests were created with the same questions but in different orders: Test A began with the most difficult questions and gradually became easier; Test B began with the easiest questions and gradually became more difficult. Data Analysis Data was analyzed on three tiers: number or correct answers on easy items, number or correct answers on difficult items, and total number of correct answers. Results and Conclusions Those who took Test A had fewer correct answers on easy questions than those who took Test B, but more correct answers on the difficult questions, and the overall test. Generally, students who were administers difficult questions before easy questions tended to give up on the easy questions due to frustration, but performance on the difficult questions was not diminished. Because each group was given enough time to complete the exam (all participants finished the last section), Firmin et al. believe the difficulty to easy gradation of Test A created a negative impact on student’s ability to respond correctly.

The Rave Subculture Essay - 2619 Words

The dizzying laser lights flashed in synchronicity with the pulsating bass of the music that bounced off the psychedelic warehouse walls. As my boyfriend and I mentally attempted to organize the chaos surrounding us, we pushed our way through the crowd of spasmodic lunatics who contorted their bodies in time with the music and lights. We located a couch in a room covered with cartoonesque, hyper-graphic graffiti. An androgynous man sat himself at my feet and began massaging my thighs, while a girl with her eyes rolled back into her head demanded that my boyfriend give her a massage. Just then the deejay laid his head in my lap, told me he was in love with me, and placed a bitter pill on my tongue. This certainly was the most bizarre method†¦show more content†¦This paper offers an introductory glimpse into the rave subculture for members of mainstream culture. The exploration includes rave artifacts, lexicons, and mysterious rituals. Based on two years of ethnography in the rave scene combined with published documentation, a survival guide for attending raves is offered for the naive, but curious. To survive in the rave subculture, possessing both the artifacts (nonverbal communication) and lexicon (verbal communication) are imperative. Artifacts include appropriate clothing, essential supplies, and psychedelic toys. Examples of interesting and unusual artifacts will be used throughout the paper to give the reader a vicarious rave experience. Insider lexicon phrases include codes for illegal substances, group rituals, and dance music. The reader will be taught some of the unique rave jargon, so that he or she can speak rave. Although there is no definitive source on the etymology of the term rave, most ravers agree that the term originally referred to raving about the secret, decadent parties. There is also no universally agreed upon definition for the term, but a few examples will serve to conceptualize the term. Bradburn’s (Jul. 1993) broad definition is of a new phenomenon that is more of a spontaneous happening that brings people together for dancing in various locations. More specifically, Saltonstall (1995) defines raves as all-night dance parties that moveShow MoreRelatedMusic : The Rave Subculture1812 Words   |  8 Pagesnowadays. EDM is known as rave subculture that is characterized by wild parties with loud music, neon lights or laser shows, fireworks show, live DJ, alcohol, and drugs. In addition, rave subculture is involved with youth, mostly from the of fifteen to thirty who enjoy standing all night listening is to music and dance with electronic music. Thus, for many young people, rave phenomenon is a norm that is embedded within the culture of their social life. What is the rave subculture? This is a question thatRead MoreSubculture/Counterculture of Raves1834 Words   |  8 Pages10 October 2011 Raves and Ecstasy Rave. What does one think of the word rave? Does ranting and raving come to mind as a way of communication or does flashing lights, dance music, and the use of drugs come to mind? If the youth of society were to be asked this question, every single of one of them would refer the word rave as a party filled with dance music and ecstasy. This youth movement has evolved into an electronic music subculture known as rave (Morris 1). A subculture is a separate worldRead MoreIs Dance Music a Subculture or Has it Now Become a Culture in its Own Right?967 Words   |  4 Pages Is Dance Music a Subculture or Has it Now Become a Culture in its Own Right? Classically subcultures define themselves as other and subordinate to the dominant culture. Many cultural theorists such as Stuart Hall and Dick Hebdige have been chiefly concerned with the ways in which subcultures subvert and pose a resistance to the established order through their expressive dress codes and rituals. Dance music seems to depart from these theories of youth cultureRead MoreOn Raves and Club Drugs1058 Words   |  4 Pagesthis subculture, the rave subculture. After many years of this kind of happiness I asked myself many questions. Where did this come from? How long has it been in this social world? Is it going anywhere or is it just a dead end in our life where we cannot move forward? I wanted to know many facts about this subculture to understand its existence and don’t get confused between the feeling what just drugs give and the real feeling of being part of something special. First of all what is rave? HowRead MoreElectro House Subculture1053 Words   |  5 PagesSubculture: Electro House Raver The hallway is dark and all you hear are melodic beats getting steadily louder growing with your anticipation as you walk closer to the entrance. The hallway opens up to a huge warehouse stuffed with ravers. Strobe lights blind you at first but their inviting energy gets you in the mood. Up front is a DJ mixing continuous beats making the floor pulsate. All of your senses are heightened giving everything movement and energy. Electro House is more than just a genreRead MoreEscape From Wonderland645 Words   |  3 Pagesat rave parties while they vibe and dance to electronic music from sunset to the early morning. In the late fifties, â€Å"rave† was first used in Britain as a title for the wild bohemian parties that occurred at the time. It was then briefly revived by the mods, a British youth subculture of the early to mid-1960s, and did not return into the trend until the illegal warehouse party scene in London in the early eighties. â€Å"The crowd was mixed, black and white, and it is likely that the term rave cameRead MoreEssay On Edm1249 Words   |  5 Pagesduring the buildups of their songs before the drop. This supposedly garners a positive reaction from the audience who is rolling and have a heightened sense of hearing. These traits can still be found in EDM today. Many of the common practices at raves stem from the use of MDMA as well. For example, light shows are frequently performed by ravers. During a light show, one person will take small handheld lights or wear gloves with lights attached on the fingertips and wave them in rapid complex motionsRead MoreThe Subculture Of Consumption History And Origins2409 Words   |  10 Pageswith the theme of oceanic concepts. Seapunk as its own subculture has its own lifestyle incorporating history, how they differ from other groups, dress behavior, and satirical styles and rules. Discussion Subculture of consumption background information Subculture of consumption history and origins. Seapunk is a virtual aesthetic of music and art forms, generally surrounding oceanic concepts, blue hues, and the 90s rave era. This subculture is birthed out of the Internet, using social media sitesRead MoreImpact of Party Drugs on the Youth Culture Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pagesadolescence is a time for the construction of a unique self identity, it is also a time when a sense of belonging is engendered through common cultural construction. One subset of this cultural construction is the rave party scene that is a global phenomenon of the youth subculture (Shapiro, 1999). A rave party is often a large gathering of young people in an atmosphere where there is music and laser lights. This sub-culture is linked to the drug culture through party drugs such as ecstasy and ketamine. TheRead MoreDance Music and Moral Panic3609 Words   |  15 Pagesamplification and misunderstanding regarding issues surrounding drug misuse as well as the creation of a moral panic in mainstream society . In this assignment an examination of this aforementioned misunderstanding and the connection between musical genres, subculture and labelling will be discussed in relation to Cohen’s theory regarding moral panics. An examination of two differentiating genres of music and culture will be given to assess the relevance of Cohen’s ontological assumptions regarding the creation

Essay on The Kings Dream - 1588 Words

The Civil Rights Movement in the 1950’s through 1960’s had many leaders, such as Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcom X and many more. But King was the only one who stood out of the pack. His purpose was to have equality for all races, not just African Americans. King had addressed a speech that he had written and spoke of it at the Lincoln memorial in Washington D.C on August 28, 1963. In King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† he motivated and touched not only African Americans but white folks as well in the world and in the crowd. His speech delivers a powerful message during the Civil Rights Movements by using rhetorical devices of metaphor and allusion. King’s speech was given on August 28th, 1963. His purpose was to endorse freedom for†¦show more content†¦Black people are fighting for continuous freedom and equality, not just to be stopped with King’s 1963 speech. Black people should have rights in the world along with white people and not to be punished in a more brutal way than white people. To end segregation and live in a world where skin colors do not matter. â€Å"Discrimination is a hellhound that gnaws at Negroes in every walking moment of their lives to remind them that the lie of their inferiority is accepted as truth in the society dominating them† (Kelly). Blacks are being hassled every minute of their lives due to segregation. Civil life makes sure that they are nothing more than a piece of meat. Their lives are not worth anything in society. â€Å"A nation or civilization that continues to produce soft-minded men purchases its own spiritual death on an installment plan† (Kelly) â€Å"If a man has not discovered something he will die for, he is not fit to live† (King). Everyone’s life begins to end the moment people start being silent about the things that truly matter. â€Å"A riot is the language of the unheard† (Democratic Underground). In order to be heard, sometimes making some noise and being controversial can catch the people’s attention. Majority of slaves wanted their voice to be heard. It would cause riots, fights and nothing good would ever happen. Slaves were usually treated like dirt to prevent them from becoming literate to hinder aspirations for escape orShow MoreRelated Waiting on Dr. Kings Dream Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesWaiting on Dr. Kings Dream      Ã‚   Martin Luther King, Jr.s, I Have a Dream, was delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Dr. King starts his speech by recalling the Emancipation Proclamation which gave hope to those who were bound by slavery. Yet this hope has definitely faded. One hundred years later African Americans are still in captivity. Although slavery does not exist, those of color are bound by the color of their skin. While African AmericansRead MoreMartin Luther Kings Dream653 Words   |  3 PagesHave you ever had a dream to become a leader and change society? A man in Memphis, Tennessee named Martin Luther king Jr., which had a dream to end African American segregation and racism. Martin was known as an excellent leader for his amazing speech â€Å"I have a dream† that shocked the world. Now what made him an excellent leader? An excellent leader is someone that can step up to something and solve problems. But you can look at people and decide if they are a good leader or not, by the qualitiesRead More Martin Luther Kings Shattered Dream Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther Kings Shattered Dream I have a dream is a phrase heard by more than 200,000 Americans on August 28, 1963, and since then, Martin Luther King, Jr.s I have a dream has resonated through millions of heads and thoughts in the world. Eyes search for the reality of his dream, ears search for the freedom bells ringing, hands search for a brothers hand, and mouths search for the songs of freedom. Martin Luther King, Jr. dreamed of a utopia where the colors of black and white wouldRead MoreEssay Is Dr. Martin Luther King’s Dream Possible?926 Words   |  4 PagesIs King’s Dream Possible? What is the main purpose of Martin Luther King Jrs I Have a Dream Speech? Well it depends on whom you ask this question. White people will give a totally different answer than black people. It is a fact of life that the two different races will never see eye to eye. They can interpret the same event in two totally different ways. I believe that both races understand the main points in Mr. Kings speech. They realize that Mr. King emphasized peace, respect, and equalityRead MoreA Comparison of the Declaration of Independence and Kings I Have A Dream1264 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinition varies, but essentially comes back to one point: all men, regardless of anything, are created equally, and therefore have a right to be free.   The Declaration of Independence, by Thomas Jefferson, and Martin Luther King, Jr.s I Have A Dream are two works addressing this concern.   Although Jefferson and King led extremely different lives over 150 years apart, both faced issues of human equality that drove them to write two of the most influential works in American history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream735 Words   |  3 PagesHave any of your dreams had an impact on your life? Just about everyone has dreams, but it is not often that a dream has a true impact in someone’s life. Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream†¦Ã¢â‚¬  speech shows his passion for achieving freedom and justice for all American citizens, blacks and whites alike. To achieve this level of equality, people of color and whites must work together and build up. In his speech, he uses multiple literary devices like metaphors, connotation, and allusion to fully engageRead MoreMartin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1538 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican society as a whole. Martin Luther King Jr. was a pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, however, King is best known for his contributions to the civil rights movement as an activist. One of his most renown works would be his â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech. During a dark period in America, people of colour were still being oppressed and held at a lower status than those who were not of colour. They needed a voice and King became that voice amidst the country s turmoil of segregation and inequalityRead More Dr. Martin Luther King’s Dream in Progress Essay848 Words   |  4 Pages Dr. Martin Luther Kings speech, I Have a Dream, was given to a crowd of 200,000 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. This speech turned out to be one of the greatest speeches ever given, due to Dr. Kings background and beliefs that become evident through this speech. His background in the ministry is reflected in his great ability to speak to a public audience. Only someone with his talent in speaking could have put the words together so powerfully. His beliefsRead MoreMartin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech1849 Words   |  8 Pagesorganized civil rights activities throughout the United States. In August 1963, he led the great march on Washington, where he delivered this memorable speech in front of 250,000 people gathered by the Lincoln Memorial. Martin Luther King Jr. â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is one of the most memorable speeches that has ever been given. His speech was inspiring and uplifting to many negro citizens of the 1960’s. King presented his speech because even though the Declaration of Independence stated that â€Å"all menRead MoreCoretta Scott Kings Abandoned Musical Dreams Essays609 Words   |  3 Pagesexpecting a baby, and I just want you to know that I was thinking about you and Dr. King. If there is anything I can do to help, please feel free to call me.† After the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta was left alone with four children. King’s assassination caused riots and protests in more than 100 cities across the country! Including the march of 50,000 people in Memphis, lead by Coretta. She continued to help lead the Civil Rights Movement. Coretta founded the Martin Luther King Jr.

Cognitive Theory And Behavioral Theory Essay - 957 Words

Cognitive Theory and Behavioral Theory 1. Cognitive Theory Cognitive Theory and/or Development is a subject that is often discussed and/or debated frequently within the psychological community. There is a significant amount of theory into how much development happens naturally and how much is learned from outside sources. This is constantly debated throughout study after study. The common theory is that only a certain amount of cognition can be achieved through a child learning by themselves and that environmental factors start to influence development at that point forward through the process. The first five years are very crucial to a child and many milestones are achieved. Piaget is known as one of the early primary contributors to cognitive development theory. Piaget theorized cognition developed in four different stages through childhood. He based his theory off of observation analysis of subjects. The four stages that he defined were sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stages. The sensorimotor stage occurs between 0 - 2 years of age and is when imitation, memory and thought begin to be utilized. Next the preoperational stage occurs between ages 2 - 7 years old and encompasses language development and recognizing symbolic form. The third phase is the concrete operational stage that takes place between ages 7 – 11 years old and represents the ability to solve hands-on problems logically. The fourth and finalShow MoreRelatedCognitive Theories Of Cognitive Behavioral Theories999 Words   |  4 PagesCogniti ve-behavioral theories theorize that human behavior is caused by internal or mental events, and in addition to external events proposed by behavioral theories. Research suggests that cognitive-behavioral theories have shifted their focus, as seen in the first, second, and third waves of the theories. For example, initially the focus of cognitive theories was on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts. However, recent models of cognitive theories seek to help people evaluate, and changeRead MoreBehavioral Theories And Cognitive Behavioral Theory1834 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract The two theories chosen to take a closer look into are Behavioral Theory and Cognitive-Behavioral Theory. Behavioral Theory focuses on how human behavior is based on direct consequences due to the environment in which one is in. Cognitive Behavioral theory is to help an individual deal with the thinking process and the problem solving. Taking a closer look into a case study for women in prison who deliberately inflict self-harm and how cognitive-behavior therapy help them through and understandRead MoreCognitive and Behavioral Theories721 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferent theories; especially about development. And, just like every theory there are pros and cons. Each theory was created by different people with their own perspective and their own biases. It would be ignorant to say that one theory had all the answers. There were two theories I read about that caught my attention, Cognitive and Behavioral. I have heard about the growing popularity of Cognitive Behaviorists and I am curi ous about how they are similar and different. On the Cognitive part ofRead MoreCognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory929 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive, Cognitive Behavioral and Reality Theory ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½1ï ¿ ½ Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory PCN 500 Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory Overview There are many definitions of counseling, but most share the same idea: it is when one person helps another. To me counseling represents one word more than any other: Change. One person is unhappy with some area of their life and wants it to change while the other person helps to facilitate that changeRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory Essay1328 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term, problem-centered therapy that is used to address psychopathology within the individual (Beck, 1995). This model of therapy is used to address issues of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, relational problems, and drug abuse, and can be utilized when working with individuals, as well as within group and family modalities. The core aspects of this therapy include collaboration and participation by the client, a strong alliance between therapistRead MoreCognitive Theory : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy3341 Words   |  14 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy in Educat ional Settings Rebecca Yoder John Carroll University Abstract Cognitive theories are believed to centralize around the idea that a thought is the cause for emotions. Cognitive theory has directly influenced the development of other cognitively based therapies that provide a more in-depth and concentrated approach to the presenting problems of a client. Specifically, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one division of the cognitive theory that focuses onRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory And Behavioral Therapy2176 Words   |  9 Pages â€Æ' A Cognitive Behavioral Approach to The Case of Stan Overview – Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy, or CBT, combines both cognitive and behavioral principles and methods in a short-term treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapies are based on a psychoeducational model that emphasizes the role of homework and places responsibility on the client, assuming an active role both during and outside of the therapy sessions (Correy 2009). CBT can be thought of as a combination of bothRead MoreBehavioral Theory Of Cognitive Therapy795 Words   |  4 Pageslearning theory. From their point of view, symptoms were not caused by disease; rather, the symptoms were the disease. In some cases, such as phobias and obsessive-compulsive behaviors, the assumption was that the symptoms were learned behaviors that could be unlearned; even if the symptoms were not acquired through learning, however, it was assumed that they could be modified by learning (some forms of behavior therapy were called behavior modification), (Bickhard, dated 1980). Cognitive Therapy:Read MorePsychology : Cognitive Behavioral Theory840 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive-Behavioral Theory Presenting Concerns Catalina came to counseling seeking help in dealing with traumatic events from her past, which has led her to problems in her marriage, mistrust in others, and high levels of anxiety. She is having a difficult time letting go of the past. Catalina was physically abused by her aunt from the age for 10-14. The only male figure ever present in her life was her aunt’s son Roberto, who attempted to sexually abuse her when she was 14 years old. Although herRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory Of Psychology Essay1764 Words   |  8 PagesYosef Friedman Professor E Cohen History and System of Psychology (11280 LPSN 332) December 8, 2016 Final Cognitive Behavioral Theory: Cognitive Behavioral Theory can be divided into three parts, or â€Å"waves† of development. The first of the three is Behaviorism. In 1913 Watson launched the behavioral school of psychology, publishing an article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it. A few years later, in 1920 Watson and Rayner conditioned an orphan known as Little Albert to fear a white rat. In 1936

Zoe’s Tale PART III Chapter Twenty Free Essays

â€Å"Admit it,† Enzo said, through the PDA. â€Å"You forgot.† â€Å"I did not,† I said, with what I hoped was just the right amount of indignation to suggest that I had not forgotten, which I had. We will write a custom essay sample on Zoe’s Tale PART III Chapter Twenty or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I can hear the fake indignation,† he said. â€Å"Rats,† I said. â€Å"You’re on to me. Finally.† â€Å"Finally? There’s no finally,† Enzo said. â€Å"I’ve been on to you since I met you.† â€Å"Maybe you have,† I allowed. â€Å"And anyway, that doesn’t solve this problem,† Enzo said. â€Å"We’re about to sit down for dinner. You’re supposed to be here. Not to make you feel guilty or anything.† This was the difference between me and Enzo now and then. There used to be a time when Enzo would have said those words and they would have come out sounding like he was accusing me of something (besides, of course, being late). But right now they were gentle and funny. Yes, he was exasperated, but he was exasperated in a way that suggested I might be able to make it up to him. Which I probably would, if he didn’t push it. â€Å"I am in fact wracked with guilt,† I said. â€Å"Good,† Enzo said. â€Å"Because you know we put a whole extra potato in the stew for you.† â€Å"Gracious,† I said. â€Å"A whole potato.† â€Å"And I promised the twins they could throw their carrots at you,† he said, referring to his little sisters. â€Å"Because I know how much you love carrots. Especially when they’re kid-hurled.† â€Å"I don’t know why anyone would eat them any other way,† I said. â€Å"And after dinner I was going to read you a poem I wrote for you,† Enzo said. I paused. â€Å"Now that’s not fair,† I said. â€Å"Injecting something real into our witty banter.† â€Å"Sorry,† Enzo said. â€Å"Did you really?† I asked. â€Å"You haven’t written me a poem in ages.† â€Å"I know,† he said. â€Å"I thought I might get back into practice. I remember you kind of liked it.† â€Å"You jerk,† I said. â€Å"Now I really do feel guilty for forgetting about dinner.† â€Å"Don’t feel too guilty,† Enzo said. â€Å"It’s not a very good poem. It doesn’t even rhyme.† â€Å"Well, that’s a relief,† I said. I still felt giddy. It’s nice to get poems. â€Å"I’ll send it to you,† Enzo said. â€Å"You can read it instead. And then, maybe if you’re nice to me, I’ll read it to you. Dramatically.† â€Å"What if I’m mean to you?† I asked. â€Å"Then I’ll read it melodramatically,† he said. â€Å"I’ll wave my arms and everything.† â€Å"You’re making a case for me being mean to you,† I said. â€Å"Hey, you’re already missing dinner,† Enzo said. â€Å"That’s worth an arm wave or two.† â€Å"Jerk,† I said. I could almost hear him smile over the PDA. â€Å"Gotta go,† Enzo said. â€Å"Mom’s telling me to set the table.† â€Å"Do you want me to try to make it?† I asked. All of a sudden I really did want to be there. â€Å"I can try.† â€Å"You’re going to run across the entire colony in five minutes?† Enzo said. â€Å"I could do it,† I said. â€Å"Maybe Babar could,† Enzo said. â€Å"But he has two legs more than you.† â€Å"Fine,† I said. â€Å"I’ll send Babar to have dinner with you.† Enzo laughed. â€Å"Do that,† he said. â€Å"I’ll tell you what, Zoe. Walk here at a reasonable pace, and you’ll probably make it in time for dessert. Mom made a pie.† â€Å"Yay, pie,† I said. â€Å"What kind?† â€Å"I think it’s called ‘Zoe gets whatever kind of pie she gets and likes it’ pie,† Enzo said. â€Å"Mmmm,† I said. â€Å"I always like that kind of pie.† â€Å"Well, yeah,† Enzo said. â€Å"It’s right there in the title.† â€Å"It’s a date,† I said. â€Å"Good,† Enzo said. â€Å"Don’t forget. I know that’s a problem for you.† â€Å"Jerk,† I said. â€Å"Check your mail queue,† Enzo said. â€Å"There might be a poem there.† â€Å"I’m going to wait for the hand waving,† I said. â€Å"That’s probably for the best,† Enzo said. â€Å"It’ll be better that way. And now my mom is glaring at me with laser eyeballs. I have to go.† â€Å"Go,† I said. â€Å"See you soon.† â€Å"Okay,† Enzo said. â€Å"Love you.† We had started saying that to each other recently. It seemed to fit. â€Å"Love you too,† I said, and disconnected. â€Å"You two make me want to vomit so hard,† Gretchen said. She’d been hearing my side of the conversation and had been rolling her eyes the whole time. We were sitting in her bedroom. I set down the PDA and whacked her with a pillow. â€Å"You’re just jealous Magdy never says that to you.† â€Å"Oh, dear Lord,† Gretchen said. â€Å"Leaving aside the fact that I so do not want to hear that from him, if he ever did try to say that to me, his head would actually explode before the words could even get out of his mouth. Which now that I think about it might be an excellent reason to try to get him to say it.† â€Å"You two are so cute,† I said. â€Å"I can see you two standing at the altar and getting into it right before saying ‘I do.'† â€Å"Zoe, if I ever get anywhere near an altar with Magdy, I authorize you to make a flying tackle and drag me away,† Gretchen said. â€Å"Oh, fine,† I said. â€Å"Now let’s never speak of this again,† Gretchen said. â€Å"You’re so in denial,† I said. â€Å"At least I’m not the one who forgot her dinner date,† Gretchen said. â€Å"It gets worse,† I said. â€Å"He wrote me poetry. He was going to read it to me.† â€Å"You missed dinner and a show,† Gretchen said. â€Å"You are the worst girlfriend ever.† â€Å"I know,† I said. I reached for my PDA. â€Å"I’ll write him an apology note saying that.† â€Å"Make it extra grovelly,† Gretchen said. â€Å"Because that’s sexy.† â€Å"That comment explains a lot about you, Gretchen,† I said, and then my PDA took on a life of its own, blasting an alarm sound from its speaker and scrolling an air attack notice on its screen. Over on Gretchen’s desk, her PDA made the same alarm sound and scrolled the same message. Every PDA in the colony did the same. In the distance, we heard the sirens, posted near the Mennonite homesteads, alerting them because they didn’t use personal technology. For the first time since the defeat of the Conclave fleet, Roanoke was under attack. Missiles were on their way. I rushed to the door of Gretchen’s room. â€Å"Where are you going?† she asked. I ignored her and went outside, where people were bursting out of their homes and running for cover, and looked into the sky. â€Å"What are you doing?† Gretchen said, catching up with me. â€Å"We need to get to a shelter.† â€Å"Look,† I said, and pointed. In the distance, a bright needle of light was tracing across the sky, aiming at something we couldn’t quite see. Then there was a flash, blinding white. There was a defense satellite above Roanoke; it had fired on and hit one of the missiles coming for us. But others were still on their way. The sharp pop of the missile explosion reached us, with not nearly enough time lag. â€Å"Come on, Zoe,† Gretchen said, and started tugging at me. â€Å"We’ve got to go.† I stopped looking at the sky and ran with Gretchen to one of the community shelters we had recently excavated and built; it was filling up quickly with colonists. As I ran I saw Hickory and Dickory, who had spotted me; they closed in and took either side of me as we got into the shelter. Even in the panic, people still made room for them. Gretchen, Hickory, Dickory, about four dozen other colonists, and I all hunched down in the shelter, straining to hear what was going on above us through nearly a dozen feet of dirt and concrete. â€Å"What do you think is happ – † someone said and then there was unspeakable wrenching noise, like someone had taken one of the cargo containers that made up the colony wall and peeled it apart, right on top of our eardrums and then I was tumbling to the ground because there was an earthquake and I screamed and bet that everyone else in the shelter did too but I couldn’t hear it because then came the single loudest noise I had ever heard, so loud that my brain surrendered and the noise became the absence of noise, and the only way I knew that I, at least, was still screaming was that I could feel my throat getting raw. Either Hickory or Dickory grabbed me and held me steady; I could see Gretchen being held the same way by the other Obin. The lights in the shelter flickered but stayed on. Eventually I stopped screaming and the ground stopped shaking and something similar to my hearing came back to me and I could hear others in the shelter crying and praying and trying to calm children. I looked over at Gretchen, who looked stricken. I disentangled from Dickory (it turned out) and went over to her. â€Å"You okay?† I asked. My voice sounded like it was pushed through cotton from a distance. Gretchen nodded but didn’t look at me. It occurred to me it was the first time she’d been in an attack. I looked around. Most of the people in the shelter looked like Gretchen. It was the first time any of these people had been in an attack. Of all these people, I was the one who was the veteran of a hostile attack. I guess that put me in charge. I saw a PDA on the floor; someone had dropped it. I picked it up and activated it and read what was there. Then I stood up and waved my hands back and forth and said â€Å"Excuse me!† until people started looking at me. I think enough people recognized me as the daughter of the colony leaders that they decided I might know something after all. â€Å"The emergency information on the PDA says that the attack seems to be over,† I said when enough people were looking my way. â€Å"But until we get an ‘all clear’ signal we need to stay here in the shelter. We need to stay here and stay calm. Is anyone here injured or sick?† â€Å"I can’t hear very well,† someone said. â€Å"I don’t think any of us can hear well right now,† I said. â€Å"That’s why I’m yelling.† It was an attempt at a joke. I don’t think people were going for it. â€Å"Are there any injuries here besides hearing loss?† No one said anything or raised their hand. â€Å"Then let’s just sit tight here and wait for the ‘all clear.'† I held up the PDA I was using. â€Å"Whose is this?† Someone raised their hand; I asked if I could borrow it. â€Å"Someone took ‘in charge’ lessons when I wasn’t looking,† Gretchen said when I sat back down next to her. The words were classic Gretchen, but the voice was very, very shaky. â€Å"We were just under attack,† I said. â€Å"If someone doesn’t pretend like she knows what she’s doing, people are going to start freaking out. That would be bad.† â€Å"Not arguing,† Gretchen said. â€Å"Just impressed.† She pointed to the PDA. â€Å"Can you send any messages? Can we find out what’s happening?† â€Å"I don’t think so,† I said. â€Å"The emergency system overrides usual messaging, I think.† I signed out the owner on the PDA and signed in under my account. â€Å"See. Enzo said he sent that poem to me but it’s not there yet. It’s probably queued and will get sent once we have the all clear.† â€Å"So we don’t know if everyone else is okay,† Gretchen said. â€Å"I’m sure we’ll get an all clear signal soon,† I said. â€Å"You worried about your dad?† â€Å"Yes. Aren’t you worried about your parents?† Gretchen asked. â€Å"They were soldiers,† I said. â€Å"They’ve done this before. I’m worried about them, but I’m betting they’re fine. And Jane is the one running the emergency messages. As long as they’re updating, she’s fine.† The PDA switched over from my mail queue to a scrolling note; we were being given the â€Å"all clear.† â€Å"See,† I said. I had Hickory and Dickory check the entrance of the shelter for any falling debris; it was clear. I signed out from the PDA and gave it back to its owner, and then folks started shuffling out. Gretchen and I were the last to head up. â€Å"Watch your step,† Gretchen said as we came up, and pointed to the ground. Glass was everywhere. I looked around. All the houses and buildings were standing, but almost all the windows were blown out. We’d be picking glass out of everything for days. â€Å"At least it’s been nice weather,† I said. No one seemed to hear me. Probably just as well. I said good-bye to Gretchen and headed to my house with Hickory and Dickory. I found more glass in surprising places and Babar cowering in the shower stall. I managed to coax him out and gave him a big hug. He licked my face with increasing franticness. After I petted him and calmed him down, I reached for my PDA to call Mom or Dad, and then realized I had left it over at Gretchen’s. I had Hickory and Dickory stay with Babar – he needed their company more than I did at the moment – and walked over to Gretchen’s. As I walked to her house, her front door swung open and Gretchen burst through it, saw me and ran to me, her PDA in one hand and mine in the other. â€Å"Zoe,† she said, and then her face tightened up, and whatever she had to say was lost for a minute. â€Å"Oh, no,† I said. â€Å"Gretchen. Gretchen. What is it? Is it your dad? Is your dad okay?† Gretchen shook her head, and looked up at me. â€Å"It’s not my dad,† she said. â€Å"My dad is fine. It’s not Dad. Zoe, Magdy just called me. He says something hit. Hit Enzo’s homestead. He said the house is still there but there’s something big in the yard. He thinks it’s part of a missile. Says he tried to call Enzo but he’s not there. No one’s there. No one’s answering there. He said they just built a bomb shelter, away from the house. In the yard, Zoe. Magdy says he keeps calling and no one answers. I just called Enzo, too. I don’t get anything, Zoe. It doesn’t even connect. I keep trying. Oh God, Zoe. Oh God, Zoe. Oh, God.† Enzo Paulo Gugino was born on Zhong Guo, the first child of Bruno and Natalie Gugino. Bruno and Natalie had known each other since they were children and everyone who knew them knew that from the first moment they laid eyes on each other that they would be together for every single moment of their lives. Bruno and Natalie didn’t argue with this idea. Bruno and Natalie, as far as anyone ever knew, never argued about anything, and certainly didn’t argue with each other. They married young, even for the deeply religious culture they lived in on Zhong Guo, in which people often married early. But no one could imagine the two of them not being together; their parents gave their consent and the two of them were married in one of the best-attended weddings anyone could remember in their hometown of Pomona Falls. Nine months later, almost to the day, there was Enzo. Enzo was sweet from the moment he was born; he was always happy and only occasionally fussy, although (as was frequently explained, much to his later mortification) he had a marked tendency to take off his own diapers and smear the contents of them against the nearest available wall. This caused a real problem one time in a bank. Fortunately he was toilet-trained early. Enzo met his best friend Magdy Metwalli in kindergarten. On the first day of school, a third-grader had tried to pick on Enzo, and pushed him hard down to the ground; Magdy, whom Enzo had never seen before in his life, launched himself at the third-grader and started punching him in the face. Magdy, who at the time was small for his age, did no real damage other than scaring the pee out of the third-grader (literally); it was Enzo who eventually pulled Magdy off the third-grader and calmed him down before they were all sent to the principal’s office and then home for the day. Enzo showed a flair for words early and wrote his first story when he was seven, entitled â€Å"The horrible sock that smelled bad and ate Pomona Falls except for my house,† in which a large sock, mutated by its own horrible unwashed smell, started eating its way through the contents of an entire town and was thwarted only when the heroes Enzo and Magdy first punched it into submission and then threw it into a swimming pool filled with laundry soap. The first part of the story (about the origin of the sock) took three sentences; the climactic battle scene took three pages. Rumor is Magdy (the one reading the story, not the one in it) kept asking for more of the fight scene. When Enzo was ten his mother became pregnant for a second time, with twins Maria and Katherina. The pregnancy was difficult, and complicated because Natalie’s body had a hard time keeping two babies in it at once; the delivery was a near thing and Natalie came close to bleeding out more than once. It took Natalie more than a year to fully recover, and during that time the ten- and eleven-year-old Enzo helped his father and mother to care for his sisters, learning to change diapers and feed the girls when his mom needed a rest. This was the occasion of the only real fight between Magdy and Enzo: Magdy jokingly called Enzo a sissy for helping his mom, and Enzo smacked him in the mouth. When Enzo was fifteen the Guginos and the Metwallis and two other families they knew entered a group application to be part of the very first colony world made up of citizens of the Colonial Union rather than citizens of Earth. For the next few months every part of Enzo’s life, and the life of his family, was opened up to scrutiny, and he bore it with as much grace as anyone who was fifteen and who mostly just wanted to be left alone could have. Every member of every family was required to submit a statement explaining why they wanted to be part of the colony. Bruno Gugino explained how he had been a fan of the American Colonization era, and the early history of the Colonial Union; he wanted to be part of this new chapter of history. Natalie Gugino wrote about wanting to raise her family on a world where everyone was working together. Maria and Katherina drew pictures of them floating in space with smiley moons. Enzo, who loved words more and more, wrote a poem, imagining himself standing on a new world, and titled it â€Å"The Stars My Destination.† He later admitted he’d taken the title from an obscure fantasy adventure book that he’d never read but whose title stayed with him. The poem, meant only for his application, was leaked to the local media and became something of a sensation. It eventually became sort of an official unofficial anthem for the Zhong Guo colonization effort. And after all that, Enzo and his family and co-applicants really couldn’t not be chosen to go. When Enzo had just turned sixteen, he met a girl, named Zoe, and for some reason that passes understanding, he fell for her. Zoe was a girl who seemed like she knew what she was doing most of the time and was happy to tell you that this was in fact the case, all the time, but in their private moments, Enzo learned that Zoe was as nervous and uncertain and terrified that she would say or do something stupid to scare away this boy she thought she might love, as he was nervous and uncertain and terrified that he would do something stupid, too. They talked and touched and held and kissed and learned how not to be nervous and uncertain and terrified of each other. They did say and do stupid things, and they did eventually scare each other away, because they didn’t know any better. But then they got over it, and when they were together again, that second time, they didn’t wonder whether they might love each other. Because they knew they did. And they told each other so. On the day Enzo died he talked to Zoe, joked with her about her missing the dinner she was supposed to have with his family, and promised to send her a poem he had written for her. Then he told her he loved her and heard her tell him she loved him. Then he sent her the poem and sat down with his family to dinner. When the emergency alert came, the Gugino family, father Bruno, mother Natalie, daughters Maria and Katherina, and son Enzo, went together into the attack shelter Bruno and Enzo had made just a week before, and sat together close, holding each other and waiting for the â€Å"all clear.† On the day Enzo died he knew he was loved. He knew he was loved by his mother and father who, like everyone knew, never stopped loving each other until the very moment they died. Their love for each other became their love for him, and for their daughters. He knew he was loved by his sisters, who he cared for when they were small, and when he was small. He knew he was loved by his best friend, who he never stopped getting out of trouble, and who he never stopped getting into trouble with. And he knew he was loved by Zoe – by me – who he called his love and who said the words back to him. Enzo lived a life of love, from the moment he was born until the moment he died. So many people go through life without love. Wanting love. Hoping for love. Hungering for more of it than they have. Missing love when it was gone. Enzo never had to go through that. Would never have to. All he knew all his life was love. I have to think it was enough. It would have to be, now. I spent the day with Gretchen and Magdy and all of Enzo’s friends, of whom there were so many, crying and laughing and remembering him, and then at some point I couldn’t take any more because everyone had begun to treat me like Enzo’s widow and though in a way I felt like I was, I didn’t want to have to share that with anyone. It was mine and I wanted to be greedy for it for just a little while. Gretchen saw I had reached some sort of breaking point, and walked me back to her room and told me to get some rest, and that she’d check on me later. Then she gave me a fierce hug, kissed me on the temple and told me she loved me and closed the door behind me. I lay there in Gretchen’s bed and tried not to think and did a pretty good job of it until I remembered Enzo’s poem, waiting for me in my mail queue. Gretchen had put my PDA on her desk and I walked over, took the PDA and sat back down on the bed, and pulled up my mail queue and saw the mail from Enzo. I reached to press the screen to retrieve it and then called up the directory instead. I found the folder titled â€Å"Enzo Dodgeball† and opened it and started playing the files, watching as Enzo flailed his way around the dodgeball court, taking hits to the face and tumbling to the ground with unbelievable comic timing. I watched until I laughed so hard that I could barely see, and had to put the PDA down for a minute to concentrate on the simple act of breathing in and out. When I had mastered that again, I picked up the PDA, called up the mail queue, and opened the mail from Enzo. Zoe: Here you are. You’ll have to imagine the arm waving for now. But the live show is coming! That is, after we have pie. Mmmm†¦pie. BELONG You said I belong to you And I agree But the quality of that belonging Is a question of some importance. I do not belong to you Like a purchase Something ordered and sold And delivered in a box To be put up and shown off To friends and admirers. I would not belong to you that way And I know you would not have me so. I will tell you how I belong to you. I belong to you like a ring on a finger A symbol of something eternal. I belong to you like a heart in a chest Beating in time to another heart. I belong to you like a word on the air Sending love to your ear. I belong to you like a kiss on your lips Put there by me, in the hope of more to come. And most of all I belong to you Because in where I hold my hopes I hold the hope that you belong to me. It is a hope I unfold for you now like a gift. Belong to me like a ring And a heart And a word And a kiss And like a hope held close. I will belong to you like all these things And also something more Something we will discover between us And will belong to us alone. You said I belong to you And I agree. Tell me you belong to me, too. I wait for your word And hope for your kiss. Love you. Enzo. I love you, too, Enzo. I love you. I miss you. How to cite Zoe’s Tale PART III Chapter Twenty, Essay examples