Multiplexing and Data Rate Essay Example

Multiplexing and Data Rate Essay Multiplexing CHAPTER 4 Outline * Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM) * Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing * Statistical Time Division Multiplexing * Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL) Multiplexing * Set of strategies that permits the concurrent transmission of various signs over a solitary connection * permits a few transmission sources to share a bigger transmission limit Link = physical way Channel = segment of a connection that conveys a transmission between a given sets of lines 2 CATEGORY OF MULTIPLEXING WDM FDM TDM ADSL Frequency Division Multiplexing * FDM †various signs are consolidated for ransmission on a solitary interchanges line or channel. Each sign is appointed an alternate recurrence (subchannel) inside the fundamental channel. * Useful data transfer capacity of medium surpasses required transmission capacity of channel * e. g. communicate radio and satellite TV * Channel distributed regardless of whether no information Frequency Division Multiplexing Diagram * Each sign is regulated to an alternate transporter recurrence * Carrier frequencies isolated by watch groups (unused data transfer capacity) †to forestall obstruction so flags don't cover. 3 FDM System FDM is a simple multiplexing procedure that consolidates signals. FDM process FDM Demultiplexing Example 1 Assume that a voice channel possesses a data transmission of 4 KHz. We have to join three voice channels into a connection with a transfer speed of 12 KHz, from 20 to 32 KHz. Show the arrangement utilizing the recurrence area without the utilization of gatekeeper groups. Arrangement Shift (regulate) every one of the three voice channels to an alternate transmission capacity, as appeared in next figure Example 2 Five channels, each with a 100-KHz transfer speed, are to be multiplexed together. What is the base transfer speed of the connection if there is a requirement for a gatekeeper band of 10 KHz between the channels to forestall obstruction? Arrangement We will compose a custom exposition test on Multiplexing and Data Rate explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Multiplexing and Data Rate explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Multiplexing and Data Rate explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer For five channels, we need in any event four gatekeeper groups. This implies the necessary transfer speed is at any rate 5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz, as appeared in next Figure. Model 3 Four information stations (computerized), each transmitting at 1 Mbps, utilize a satellite station of 1 MHz. Plan a fitting design utilizing FDM Solution The satellite station is simple. We isolate it into four channels, each channel having a 250-KHz data transfer capacity. Each computerized channel of 1 Mbps is adjusted with the end goal that every 4 bits are regulated to 1 Hz. One arrangement is 16-QAM tweak. Figure 6. 8 gives one potential arrangement. Simple Carrier Systems ATT (USA) * Hierarchy of FDM plans * Group 1. 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz 2. Range 60kHz to 108kHz * Supergroup 1. 60 channel 2. FDM of 5 gathering signals on bearers somewhere in the range of 420kHz and 612 kHz * Mastergroup 1. 10 supergroups Analog Hierarchy To expand the proficiency foundation, multiplexed signals f rom lower data transfer capacity lines onto higher-transmission capacity signals FDM of Three Voiceband Signals FDM Applications 1. Regular utilized radio telecom AM and FM * AM (530 †1700KHz) †imparted to every radio broadcast * FM utilizes a more extensive band (88 †108MHz) †each station needs more data transmission, 200KHz 2. TV Broadcasting * Each TV channel has own data transfer capacity of 6 Mhz 3. first Generation of Cellular phones * Voice signal 3KHz (300 †3300Hz) channels * Bt = 10 x Bm , in this manner each channel has 30KHz channels * every client has been designated two 30KHz channel, accordingly 60KHz. Model 4 The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) utilizes two groups. The main band, 824 to 849 MHz, is utilized for sending; and 869 to 894 MHz is utilized for accepting. Every client has a transmission capacity of 30 KHz toward every path. The 3-KHz voice is adjusted utilizing FM, making 30 KHz of tweaked signal. What number of individuals can utilize their ellular telephones at the same time? Arrangement Each band is 25 MHz. On the off chance that we separate 25 MHz into 30 KHz, we get 833. 33. Actually, the band is isolated into 832 channels. Frequency Division Multiplexing * Multiple light emissions at various recurrence * Carried by optical fiber * A type of FDM (same idea) * Each shade of light (frequency) conveys separate information channel * 1997 Bell Labs * 100 pillars * Each at 10 Gbps * Giving 1 terabit for each second (Tbps) * Commercial frameworks of 160 channels of 10 Gbps now accessible * Lab frameworks (Alcatel) 256 channels at 39. 8 Gbps each * 10. 1 Tbps * Over 100km WDM Operation Same general design as other FDM * Number of sources producing laser pillars at various frequencies * Multiplexer merges hotspots for transmission over single fiber * Optical intensifiers enhance all frequencies * Typically many km separated * Demux isolates channels at the goal * Mostly 1550nm frequency go * Was 200MHz per channel * Now 50GHz Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing * DWDM * No official or standard definition * Implies more channels all the more firmly dispersed that WDM * 200GHz or less TDM computerized process that permits a few associations with share the high transfer speed of a connection ach association involves a segment of time in the connection TDM is an advanced multiplexing method to consolidate information. TDM : Time Slots and Frames In a TDM, the information pace of the connection is n times quicker, and the unit term is n times shorter. Time Division Multiplexing Example 5 Four 1-Kbps associations are multiplexed together. A unit is 1 piece. Find : (1) the term of 1 piece before multiplexing, (2) the transmission pace of the connection, (3) the span of a time allotment, and (4) the length of a casing? Arrangement We can respond to the inquiries as follows: 1. The length of 1 piece is 1/1 Kbps, or 0. 001 s (1 ms). 2. The pace of the connection is 4 Kbps. 3. The span of each schedule opening 1/4 ms or 250 ms. 4. The span of an edge 1 ms. Interleaving †¢ switches are synchronized and turn at a similar speed yet inverse bearing †¢process of sending a unit information onto the way when the association on the multiplexing and de-multiplexing is open Example 6 Four channels are multiplexed utilizing TDM. In the event that each channel sends 100 bytes/s and we multiplex 1 byte for each channel, show the edge going on the connection, the size of the casing, the length of a casing, the edge rate, and the bit rate for the connection. Arrangement The multiplexer is appeared in Figure 6 Model 7 A multiplexer joins four 100-Kbps channels utilizing a schedule opening of 2 bits. Show the yield with four subjective data sources. What is the casing rate? What is the casing length? What is the bit rate? What is the bit span? Arrangement Figure 7 shows the yield for four subjective information sources. Simultaneous Time Division Multiplexing * Possible when information pace of medium surpasses information pace of computerized sign to be transmitted * Multiple advanced signs interleaved of each sign in time during transmission * Interleaving can be at bit level of squares * Time spaces preassigned to sources and fixed Time openings apportioned regardless of whether no information * Time openings don't need to be equitably appropriated among sources Synchronous TDM System TDM Link Control * No headers and trailers * Data connect control conventions not required * Flow control * Data pace of multiplexed line is fixed * If one channel collector can not get information, the * o thers must carry on * The relating source must be extinguished * This leaves void openings * Error control Errors are recognized and taken care of by singular channel frameworks Data Link Control on TDM Framing †¢Time space length = transmitter cushion length †¢Each outline contains a pattern of schedule opening Framing bits follow an example to guarantee approaching stream synchronized with demux to isolate time allotments precisely * No banner or SYNC characters organizing TDM edges to deal with the general TDM interface * Must give synchronizing instrument * Added digit confining * One control bit added to each TDM outline * Looks like another channel â€Å"control channel† * Identifiable piece design utilized on control channel * e. g. exchanging bit design 01010101†¦unlikely to be supported on an information channel * Can analyze approaching piece designs on each * channel with sync design * If design not coordinate, progressive piece position re search un til persevere over various edge * When build up, recipient keep checking the confining piece channel * If the example break, the beneficiary should again enter a surrounding search mode Example 8 We have four sources, each making 250 characters for every second. In the event that the interleaved unit is a character and 1 synchronizing bit is added to each edge, discover (1) the information pace of each source, (2) the length of each character in each source, (3) the edge rate, (4) the span of each casing, (5) the quantity of bits in each casing, and (6) the information pace of the connection. Arrangement Answer as follows: 1. The information pace of each source is 250 x 8 = 2000 bps = 2 Kbps. 2. The span of a character is 1/250 s = 4 ms. 3. The connection needs to send 250 casings for every second. 4. The length of each edge is 1/250 = 4 ms. 5. Each casing is 4 x 8 + 1 = 33 bits. 6. The information pace of the connection is 250 x 33 = 8250 bps. Model 9 Two channels, one with a piece pace of 100 Kbps and another with a piece pace of 200 Kbps, are to be multiplexed. How this can be accomplished? What is the casing rate? What is the edge length? What is the bit pace of the connection? Arrangement We can allot one opening to the principal channel and two spaces to the subsequent channel. Each casing conveys 3 bits. The casing rate is 100,000 edges for each second since it conveys 1 piece from the principal channel. The casing term is 1/100,000 = 10 ms. The bit rate is 100,000 edges/s x 3 bits/outline = 300 Kbps. Heartbeat Stuffing * Problem Synchronizing different information sources * Each source has separate clock, variety among clock cause misfortune

How social or economic issues in this country influence the roles Essay

How social or monetary issues in this nation impact the jobs ladies and men play in the family today - Essay Example furthermore, supported by the women's activist development, the quantity of ladies in the workforce has heightened since the 1970’s, a social marvel that has reclassified the jobs of the two guardians. Progressively, moms are contributing more to the family funds while fathers are investing a greater amount of their energy thinking about the children. Despite the fact that some criticize this inescapable and essential situation since they dread the breaking down of the conventional nuclear family is inconvenient for kids, the proof shows that the inverse is valid. For most by far of moms, going to work each day while leaving their youngsters with proxy mothers is obviously not a matter of decision as some have proposed. Of the ladies who work in two-parent homes, in excess of 80 percent have life partners who get $30,000 every year or less. A mother’s decision much of the time is to either permit their youngsters to live in miserable destitution or to go to work. In spite of the fact that among the minority, some working moms have decided to proceed with their vocation interests following labor yet in either case, the working environment is only occasionally helpful for the family worries of moms, or fathers so far as that is concerned. Only from time to time do businesses permit a mother to take a year or two off to think about little youngsters without yielding position or work status and are commonly vexed when mother is frequently summoned to go to issues concerning a kid. The decisions are hard for moms. The unsympathetic mentaliti es towards working moms among certain groups of general society and most managers are not useful nor lined up with the real world (â€Å"Working Mothers†, 1999). Today, in excess of a fourth of every single American child live in homes containing one parent, ordinarily the mother, who must work to help the family. Some accept that the mark ‘good mother’ suggests one that obediently fills her cultural job by staying home with the kids. This conviction depends exclusively on biased and obsolete generalizations and not on common logical information which shows that

Article summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Article outline - Essay Example Results recommended that smoking during pregnancy has unfriendly effect on the fetal development and is likewise connected with low financial pointers and other hazard practices. The examination drew a correlation between the birth results of overwhelming smokers and non-overwhelming smokers and found that the previous were presented to generously more wellbeing dangers than the last mentioned. Each factor other than the more seasoned maternal age was seen as a hazard factor for smoking during pregnancy. Self-reports of smoking in any event 10 cigarettes every day during the beginning time of pregnancy can prompt various horrible birth results. In any case, there is subjectivity about the degree to which the unfriendly birth results can be credited to overwhelming smoking alone as different variables like financial status and mental pressure likewise add to them. The exploration underpins the systems for stopping smoking, yet a more extensive center is required to examine the hidden elements that cause unfriendly birth

10 Income Strategies To Reduce Your Cost Of College

HomeFinanceFinancial aid10 Income Strategies To Reduce Your Cost Of CollegeThis page may contain affiliate links.Oct 13, 2019 Reducing your Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) is a viable strategy in trying to reduce your EFC and maximize how much financial aid colleges will offer your child. Its important to understand that your income is assessed against you anywhere from 5 to 9 times more than your assets. Colleges don’t want you reading this info because it’ll help you â€Å"game the system.† Perish the thought! Plus, most aid will be determined more by what you earn than by what you own. Remember the base year of income on which financial aid is calculated is the calendar year two years prior to the academic year for which the student is applying for aid. Thats why its so important to become informed about financial aid years before your child is a junior or senior in high school. Strategies to Reduce What You Pay Out-of-Pocket for College 1. The Two-Income FamilyThe lower wage earner can deduct up to 35% of salary or up to a maximum deduction of $4,000. It’s earned as an â€Å"employment allowance.† This allows you to reduce your EFC (Expected Family Contribution), which is what the colleges expect you to pay. NOTE: Do not confuse the term â€Å"Contribution† with the word â€Å"Donation.† Get it? I thought so. 2. Student Income-The student will lose in financial aid 50 cents on every dollar earned over $6,000. Despite its anti-work ethic, if the aid formula works for you, quit work after earning $6,000. If you dont qualify for need- based aid, encourage your student to make as much money as possible in order for you to pay less out of pocket. In other words, make your student pay for his/her expenses while in college. Average savings per child will exceed $10,000. 3. Private CollegeTrick Most private schools that require the CSS Profile will assume an incoming freshman will make at least $2,000 during the summer. When the â€Å"award† letter comes, a certain income amount will either be hidden in your EFC number, or fully stated. This is the equivalent of a little annoying surcharge that pops up on a bill and can be dropped if you protest it, that is, write a matter-of-fact, non-complaining, appeal letter to indicate this expectation, or the actual dollar amount was never listed on the school’s website, thereby suggesting an intentionally hidden fee. Even if they do list the amount, ask them to justify how they arrived at their figure. Brace yourself: you will either witness a carved-in-stone masterpiece of obfuscation, or the equivalent of distinct mumbling sounds you cannot possibly understand. Call them on it, but always be positive when communicating with the financial aid office, even when your suspicions are dead-on. 4. State + Local Tax Refunds To reduce your taxable income, see if you can get refunds postponed until after graduation so you can reduce your taxable income now. Hint: if you collected a refund of, say, $1,600 each year over a four-year period, you may have lost as much as $3,000 in grants. Consult your tax person before you get excited. 5. Tax Credits Most parents qualify for them. They are the Hope Scholarship Credit (up to $1,500) and The Lifetime Learning Credit (up to $2,000). You could lose some financial aid in these cases, but the gain will surely offset any loss. For each year your child is in college, get IRS Form 8863. Then there’s the American Opportunity Tax Credit, a tax credit of up to $2,500 of the cost of tuition, fees and course materials paid during the taxable year. Also, 40% of the credit (up to $1,000) is refundable. This means you can get it even if you owe no tax. CAUTION: it’s only good for four years when there’s an 80% chance your child will spend five and even six years to get an undergrad degree. Ouch!†¨ 6, Borrowing from a 401(k) or 403(b) With fairly low interest rates and repayment terms that are quite doable, this is tax-free â€Å"income.† Call your plan administrator for guidance, but remember, your retirement is far more important that your child’s college education. You can borrow for education, but not for retirement. 7. Medical Expenses Contact lenses, braces, cab to the doctor’s office all fit into those medical expenses that are considered in the federal aid formulas. Keep excellent records of out-of-pocket costs.The self-employed should wave their health insurance premiums like a red flag in front of a financial aid director – it’s a legitimate factor as to how much more aid you can receive. 8. Recently Unemployed or Disabled Colleges are likely to help you with more aid if you’re out of work. They’ll likely want proof, such as a termination notice or doctor’s statement. You should contact them immediately. Ask the school to exercise what is known as â€Å"Professional Judgment.† It’ll signal that you know how to play the college game, and they’ll likely respond in your favor. 9. Retirement Contributions What’s already in your retirement account doesn’t count against you, but the money you’re contributing during the college years does. You may consider deferring any contributions to your retirement if you think you’ll need the money to pay for a high EFC. 10. Alimony/Divorce If your ex is behind in payments, get out the party hats and refreshments and celebrate. It could mean a lower EFC and more financial aid. Or, in a divorce settlement, the custodial parent should consider getting less income and more assets. Why? The child is likely to receive more financial aid. Side benefit = child gets to witness two mature adults place the focus where it belongs on the child’s needs, not on the parents’ competing concerns. In short, everybody wins. This scenario is as likely as winning the lottery.†¨

What Makes Stainless Steel Stainless

In 1913, English metallurgist Harry Brearley, working on a project to improve rifle barrels, accidentally discovered that adding chromium to low carbon steel gives it stain resistant. In addition to iron, carbon, and chromium, modern stainless steel may also contain other elements, such as nickel, niobium, molybdenum, and titanium. Nickel, molybdenum, niobium, and chromium enhance the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. It is the addition of a minimum of 12% chromium to the steel that makes it resist rust, or stain less than other types of steel. The chromium in the steel combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to form a thin, invisible layer of chrome-containing oxide, called the passive film. The sizes of chromium atoms and their oxides are similar, so they pack neatly together on the surface of the metal, forming a stable layer only a few atoms thick. If the metal is cut or scratched and the passive film is disrupted, more oxide will quickly form and recover the exposed surface, protecting it from oxidative corrosion. Iron, on the other hand, rusts quickly because atomic iron is much smaller than its oxide, so the oxide forms a loose rather than tightly-packed layer and flakes away. The passive film requires oxygen to self-repair, so stainless steels have poor corrosion resistance in low-oxygen and poor circulation environments. In seawater, chlorides from the salt will attack and destroy the passive film more quickly than it can be repaired in a low oxygen environment. Types of Stainless Steel The three main types of stainless steels are austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic. These three types of steels are identified by their microstructure or predominant crystal phase. Austenitic: Austenitic steels have austenite as their primary phase (face-centered cubic crystal). These are alloys containing chromium and nickel (sometimes manganese and nitrogen), structured around the Type 302 composition of iron, 18% chromium, and 8% nickel. Austenitic steels are not hardenable by heat treatment. The most familiar stainless steel is probably Type 304, sometimes called T304 or simply 304. Type 304 surgical stainless steel is austenitic steel containing 18-20% chromium and 8-10% nickel.Ferritic:  Ferritic steels have ferrite (body-centered cubic crystal) as their main phase. These steels contain iron and chromium, based on the Type 430 composition of 17% chromium. Ferritic steel is less ductile than austenitic steel and is not hardenable by heat treatment.Martensitic:  The characteristic orthorhombic martensite microstructure was first observed by German microscopist Adolf Martens around 1890. Martensitic steels are low carbon steels built around the Type 410 composition of iron, 12% chromium, and 0.12% carbon. They may be tempered and hardened. Martensite gives steel great hardness, but it also reduces its toughness and makes it brittle, so few steels are fully hardened. There are also other grades of stainless steels, such as precipitation-hardened, duplex, and cast stainless steels. Stainless steel can be produced in a variety of finishes and textures and can be tinted over a broad spectrum of colors. Passivation There is some dispute over whether the corrosion resistance of stainless steel can be enhanced by the process of passivation. Essentially, passivation is the removal of free iron from the surface of the steel. This is performed by immersing the steel in an oxidant, such  as nitric acid  or  citric acid solution. Since the top layer of iron is removed, passivation diminishes surface discoloration. While passivation does not affect the thickness or effectiveness of the passive layer, it is useful in producing a clean surface for further treatment, such as plating or painting. On the other hand, if the oxidant is incompletely removed from the steel, as sometimes happens in pieces with tight joints or corners, then crevice corrosion may result. Most research indicates that diminishing surface particle corrosion does not reduce susceptibility to pitting corrosion.​​

Event Critiques Example

Essays on Event Critiques Article Unit Reflection on Concerts Concert The first concert I attended was â€Å"The Four Season CulturalSeries† which was held at the Heritage Park, City of Sunny Isles Beach, 19200 Sunny Isles Beach, FL 33160. The Florida International University Jazz Big Band. The concert took place on Sunday the 14th of April 2013 (Four Seasons Cultural Series 2013). The Florida University Jazz Big Band was led by Director and lead trumpet player Jim Hacker.The concert was set in the Pelican Community Park Gymnasium, a relatively large hall, which allowed for the guests to move freely and dance while enjoying the sensual flow of modern day jazz mixed with a tinge of old school jazz.The crowd and guests that came to be entertained was mainly the old and middle aged individuals. This is owing to the fact that jazz genre is not very popular with the young and is associated with individuals of a higher class calibre who are considerably well off. The crowd had a mixed response to the music. A sectio n of the crowd preferred to simply remain sited and enjoy the music, while others danced to the tunes. However, the majority of those who danced were mainly couples.There were many compositions that were performed during the concert. They all varied in tempo and covered almost all the genres and sub genres of Jazz. The following compositions were particularly interesting.â€Å"Undercurrent Blues† by Chico O’Ferril. This is an Afro-Cuban Jazz piece that entails a fast, quick ad bright tempo that ranged between 109 to 110 BPM. This makes this piece an Allegro and was from the mid-1940s. Little Brown Jug by Glenn Miller is a Big band Swing Jazz Ballad. It is of relatively slow tempo, at 74 BPM. This makes it an Andante. This piece was from the early 1910s.The concert was a huge success as it encompassed jazz from the different periods that shaped the development and growth of Jazz Music. The gradual switch from fast paced jazz pieces to a slow paced mood created from an e xciting start to a sensual ending for the concert.Works Cited2013. Four Seasons Cultural Series. October 13. Accessed May 14, 2014. http://www.sunnyislesbeachmiami.com/events/four-seasons-cultural-series/.

Applied Counseling Stability of Happiness

Question: Discuss about the Applied Counseling for Stability of Happiness. Answer: Introduction: As stated by Parkes et al. (2105), Bereavement caused on the occasion of a spouse death has been regarded as one of the most significant and stressful events of life. Grief is linked with feelings of sadness. Prolonged grief if exist for more than six months, might result in the psychological phenomenon which includes the searching for the deceased, preoccupation, yearning, disbelief about the loss, hallucination, survivor guilt, and bitterness. Emotions are often astonishing in their strengths, and these emotions often can be confusing especially in situations when a close person is being missed. The act of grieve varies from person to person. Some people recover from grief within few months, though this period of recovery might involve moments of sadness. Others may take a long time to get relief which might be temporary. During this period of stress and depression family support plays a vital role. When such grief related feelings and thoughts are extreme or distressing, it become s important to concern with qualified "mental health professionals" who could provide the remedies to get relief. Certain counseling intervention strategies have shown to produce positive results. Communication, assessment of the problem and clinical therapies could be a successful way of bringing about the change in the behavior and emotional status of the deceased's spouse (Parkes Prigerson, 2013). Discussion: Spousal mourning is a problem that commonly affects the women since women are generally younger than their husband, and they have more longevity. Moreover, their marriage rate is also lower than that of the widowers. As stated by Carr et al. (2014), a window experiences the feeling of loneliness, loss of camaraderie, need of physical attachment, comfort and also the support of a partner. In the case of dependent women, loss of her spouse might result in a decrease in financial income and also a scarcity of various requirements. In order to meet the needs, she might have to relocate to a different place which might lead to a relocation trauma. The most significant issue is that after a particular duration the family support fades out, relatives and friends instead of consoling the person observe the widowhood as a component of a stigma. Thus, without minimal support, it becomes hard to grow the children. Studies reveal that grieve is more prolonged in old age spouse due to the living together for a long time (Carr et al., 2014). According to Parkes et al. (2015), a complementary factor other than social and psychological distress, bereavement constitutes chronic physical health deterioration and also causes survival risk. A study constituted on windows under the age of sixty-five revealed that during the first year of their widowhood consulted health physicians very frequently. Moreover, it was also noticed that they have more number of sedatives than the expected number of use, and they were observed more in bed and hospitals than non-widowed females (Schulz et al., 2015). According to Schulz et al. (2015), the various phases of grief involve shock and numbness leading to yearning, weeping due to depression. The third phase involves attaining equilibrium to help life to achieve comfort. The fourth phase or the final stage involves identity reconstruction where an individual develops a new role in life or crystallization of fresh relationships. Identification of these phases is very important in order to undergo the diagnosis process (Schulz et al., 2015). As stated by Svenaeus (2014), aged people who suffer due to the loss of their spouse after living throughout the life with happiness, chronic and fatal illness of the spouse was reported to have poor post bereavement medical adjustment. The grief is suppressed or delayed. As discussed by Asai et al. (2013), family members are a great support this point of time, especially when the family is close-knit. Outside support is not required. However, when families split, that support remains empty. In this case, the grief is suppressed and indicates a poor prognosis. Certain factors that operate to delay the grief are: (a) the loss might be socially stigmatized. (b) If there remains an uncertainty in the death like missing soldiers. (c) A grieving person whether it is a widow or widower becomes concern about their health or concerned about growing the children well. (d) Multiple losses might have made the grieving difficult. (e) Trivial factors such as overcrowded cemetery might inhibit gri ef (Yu et al., 2015). Several types of research using "DSM III" termed the diagnosis as "Uncomplicated Bereavement." All the current researches reveal that there are comparable differences that exist between the normal and abnormal reactions. As stated by Dayringer (2013),there are few proposed diagnoses for Complicated Bereavement disorder in the DSM V. There were four criterions that involve the abnormality in the client. The first criteria was yearning, the second criteria involved the experience of any four of the eight symptoms such as anger, trouble to accept the truth, excessive bitterness, inability to trust others, feeling uneasy to live life, feeling numbness due to emotions, feeling emptiness, feeling agitated and feeling future is meaningless (Svenaeus, 2014). According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, bereavement diagnosis is associated with the death of a close person. This is the main key to the diagnosis, but other factors need to be given importance as well. According to Cameron Green (2015), Bereavement is the only diagnosis that might lead to the delay of the Major Depression Disorder. There are symptoms associated with this particular state which is characterized by feeling of loneliness, sadness, loss of interest in various activities, change in the weight, appetite and significantly insomnia. If the individual experience symptoms of guilt, preoccupation, feeling of worthlessness, suicidal thoughts, psychomotor retardation, hallucination, etc. then these relate to Major Depression Episode as contrasting to bereavement (DSM-5 American Psychiatric Association. 2013). According to Gillies et al. (2014), in assessing such a condition, more informal and less structured approach is generally used. Researchers and scientists have outlined different models on the phases of grief and bereavement. The first model was developed by Kubler-Ross which was used to illustrate the process of grief after the death of near ones. The developers of this model noted that every individual experience at least any two of the five stages of grief. Some people might revisit the phases over and over again. A stage-based model known as The Four Tasks of Mourning was created by psychologist J.W.Worden for coping with the death of a close person. The four task involved in this model were to accept the truth, to work through the grief, to adjust to life without the presence of the deceased and lastly, to maintain a connection with the person lost throughout the life (Wade et al., 2016). Margaret Stroebe and Hank Schut developed a dual process model of bereavement. They noted two tasks were associated with the loss. Firstly, "Loss-oriented activities and stressors which are related directly to the death and secondly, Restoration-oriented activities and stressors relates to the secondary losses such as routine, lifestyle and relationships (Klass et al., 2014). As discussed by Holland et al. (2013), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual do not define bereavement as a disorder rather a preexisting condition like depression, or repercussions linked with the trauma of a death of a closed one. These components can complicate the condition of bereavement. As discussed by Litz et al. (2014), the difference between grief and depression is that depression is characterized in general terms of despair or lack of joy, while the feeling of grief is related to the loss or death. Presently several instruments have been designed used to evaluate bereavement. But no instrument has been developed yet to constantly monitor the phases of bereavement and the symptoms associated with it. The choice of instruments varies depending upon the population. It is specific for every population such as the death of children, parents, spouses, and other loved ones (Cameron Green, 2015). According to Litz et al. (2014), the majority of the individuals are apparent as experiencing normal grief. It is very natural for a person to be depressed and it requires a short or long period to get adjusted or overcome the situation of grief. Certain researchers are recently focusing on the adaptive functioning so that they can understand the process how to protect individuals who are continuously experiencing maladaptive functioning has grown an interest in resilience and how the affected individuals function normally after a negative experience in life. According to psychology Resilience can be defined as the sense of recovery despite an encounter with the adverse situation in the life. Coping strategies differ completely from resilience since resilience relates to adaptation to certain adversities (Klass et al., 2014). Anusic Lucas (2014), Reconstruction model on the fact that bereaved individuals are faced with the task of reconstructing their understanding of how the world works and their personal identity without the presence of the loved one. As discussed by Gerson (2013),there are three core dimensions to the process of meaning reconstruction. The first dimension is sense-making, or the ability to find an explanation for the death and make sense of the occurrence. This is predominantly important untimely in the grieving course, although it is a continuing procedure for the majority individuals. The second aspect is benefited finding, where individuals can identify benefits to the bereavement in order to aid in their adjustment, whether the benefits are personal, spiritual, or philosophical. The last dimension is individuality reconstruction, which needs the bereaved individual to modify and adjust their intellect of personality after experiencing the loss of a near one (Klass et al., 2014). Maximum research on "adaptation to widowhood" in later years has focused on a female since women inclined to live longer than their spouses. According to Tomer et al. (2013), both men and women who are widowed in later life account inferior life satisfaction and well-being than those who stay married, and widowhood is a risk factor for fading, while being wedded is not. Most result research with bereaved older persons has utilized formless group interventions, often led by friends or paraprofessionals, with achievement reported in dropping depression and mounting thoughts of support. For example, in a study, it was discussed a nationalized program to assist recently widowed individuals that use skilled paraprofessional counselors for outreach and hold. Follow-up questionnaires finished by sixty two participants who attempted bimonthly talk groups exposed that most consideration that the crowd experience was positive (Anusic et al., 2014). Aging is a part of the life span rather than being apart from the life span. All persons who age experience common life transitions and developmental challenges, notably the search for ego integrity identified by (Armenta et al., 2014). The design of interventions to help older persons cope with these normative changes has focused on two primary and overlapping strategies: group counseling and life review therapy. Research on both options reveals almost universal support for their effectiveness in helping older persons to develop successful coping mechanisms for a variety of life problems and also to achieve life satisfaction despite the unwanted change. After completing their education and formal training, psychiatrists may not be fully prepared to handle some of the most common clinical challenges they will face in practice. Diagnosing and treating complicated grief and bereavement-related major depression will undoubtedly rank high on the list of such challenges. Both conditions o verlap with symptoms found in ordinary, uncomplicated grief, and often are written off as normal with the assumption that time, the strength of character and the natural support system will heal. This prolonged, complicated grief response tends to be chronic and persistent in the absence of targeted interventions, and may be life threatening. Complicated grief usually responds well to a specific psychotherapy, perhaps best when administered in combination with antidepressant medication (Armenta et al., 2014). Conclusion: Grief is linked with feelings of sadness. Prolonged grief if exist for more than six months, might result in the psychological phenomenon which includes the searching for the deceased, preoccupation, yearning, disbelief about the loss, hallucination, survivor guilt, and bitterness. During this period of stress and depression family support plays a vital role. When such grief related feelings and thoughts are extreme or distressing, it becomes important to concern with qualified "mental health professionals" who could provide the remedies to get relief. Certain counseling intervention strategies have shown to produce positive results. It is essential for them to recognize their own vulnerabilities to the personal assaults that often accompany such losses, not only for their own mental health and well-being, but also to provide the most sensitive and enlightened care to their patients. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual do not define bereavement as a disorder rather a preexisting co ndition like depression, or repercussions linked with the trauma of a death of a closed one. Resilience can be defined as the sense of recovery despite an encounter with the adverse situation in the life. "Reconstruction model on the fact that "bereaved individuals are faced with the task of reconstructing their understanding of how the world works and their personal identity without the presence of the loved one. Most result research with bereaved older persons has utilized the formless group interventions, often led by friends or paraprofessionals, with achievement reported in dropping depression and mounting thoughts of support. Thus, it can be concluded that although mourning over the death of ones spouse or grieve can have detrimental effects on physical and mental health, so needs to be counseled and treated. References: Anusic, I., Lucas, R. E. (2014). 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